Nörofizyoterapide Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Gjelsvik BEB. The Bobath concept in adult neurology. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2016.

Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia: evaluation and treatment. 3rd ed. Oxford: Heinemann Medical Books; 1990.

Michielsen M, Vaughan-Graham J, Holland A, et al. The Bobath concept–a model to il- lustrate clinical practice. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2019;41(17):2080-2092. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1417496

Marques S, Vaughan-Graham J, Costa R, et al. The Bobath concept (NDT) in adult neurorehabilitation: A scoping review of conceptual literature. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2025;47(6):1379-1390. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2375054

Raine S. The current theoretical assumptions of the Bobath concept as determined by the members of BBTA. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2007;23(3):137-152. doi: 10.1080/09593980701209154

Vaughan‐Graham J, Cott C. Phronesis: practical wisdom the role of professional practice knowledge in the clinical reasoning of Bobath instructors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2017;23(5):935-948. doi: 10.1111/jep.12641

Vaughan‐Graham J, Cheryl C, Holland A, et al. Developing a revised definition of the Bobath concept: Phase three. Physiotherapy Research International. 2020;25(3):e1832. doi: 10.1111/ jep.12641

Raine S, Meadows L, Lynch-Ellerington M, et al. Bobath kavramı: Nörolojik rehabilitasyonda teori ve klinik uygulama. (Karaduman AA, Aksu Yıldırım S, Tunca Yılmaz Ö. Çev. Ed.) Anka- ra: Pelikan Kitabevi; 2012.

Graham JV, Eustace C, Brock K, et al. The Bobath concept in contemporary clinical practice.

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 2009;16(1):57-68. doi: 10.1310/tsr1601-57

Mulder T, Hochstenbach J. Motor control and learning: implications for neurological rehabilitation. Handbook of neurological rehabilitation. 2nd ed. London: Psychology Press; 2005. p. 159-168.

Cramer SC, Sur M, Dobkin BH, et al. Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications.

Brain. 2011;134(6):1591-1609. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr039

Nudo R. Adaptive plasticity in motor cortex: implications for rehabilitation after brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine-Supplements. 2003;41:7-10. doi: 10.1080/16501960310010070

Sampaio-Baptista C, Sanders Z-B, Johansen-Berg H. Structural plasticity in adulthood with motor learning and stroke rehabilitation. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2018;41(1):25-40. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062015

Lieber RL, Roberts TJ, Blemker SS, et al. Skeletal muscle mechanics, energetics and plasticity. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2017;14(1):108. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017- 0318-y

Levin MF, Demers M. Motor learning in neurological rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2021;43(24):3445-3453. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1752317

Winstein CJ, Kay DB. Translating the science into practice: shaping rehabilitation practice to enhance recovery after brain damage. Progress in Brain Research. 2015;218:331-360. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.01.004

Emos MC, Agarwal S. Neuroanatomy, upper motor neuron lesion. In: StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.

Rhee PC. Surgical Management of Upper Extremity Deformities in Patients With Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2019;44(3):223-235. doi: 10.1016/j. jhsa.2018.07.019

O’sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, Fulk G. Physical rehabilitation. 7th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 2019.

Elvén M, Welin E, Wiegleb Edström D, et al. Clinical reasoning curricula in health professions education: a scoping review. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development. 2023;10:23821205231209093. doi: 10.1177/23821205231209093

Higgs J, Jensen GM, Loftus S, et al. Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions. 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2024.

Levin MF, Panturin E. Sensorimotor integration for functional recovery and the Bobath ap- proach. Motor Control. 2011;15(2):285-301. doi: 10.1123/mcj.15.2.285

Horak FB. Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing. 2006;35 Suppl 2:ii7-ii11. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl077

Lin G, Zhao X, Tao Z, et al. Gait biomechanics and postural adaptations in forward head posture: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025;26(1):754. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08882-8

Florio TM. Emergent Aspects of the Integration of Sensory and Motor Functions. Brain Sciences. 2025;15(2). doi: 10.3390/brainsci15020162

Zigrino A, Zivi P, Ferlazzo F, et al. Body Schema plasticity of the arm: a systematic review of the methods and tasks. Frontiers in Psychology. 2025;16:1458409. doi: 10.3389/fps- yg.2025.1458409

Kabat H, Knott M. Proprioceptive facilitation technics for treatment of paralysis. Physical Therapy. 1953;33(2):53-64. doi: 10.1093/ptj/33.2.53

Knott M, Voss DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row; 1968.

Hindle KB, Whitcomb TJ, Briggs WO, et al. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2012;31:105-113. doi: 10.2478/v10078-012-0011-y

Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching : mechanisms and clinical implications. Sports Medicine. 2006;36(11):929-939.

Voss DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1967;46(1):838-898.

Nguyen PT, Chou LW, Hsieh YL. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation-Based Physical Therapy on the Improvement of Balance and Gait in Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Syste- matic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel). 2022;12(6). doi: 10.3390/life12060882

Higgins M, Greer C. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation for the Upper Extremity and Scapula: Review and Update on Rehabilitation of Shoulder Pathology. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2025;20(9):1407-1419. doi: 10.26603/001c.143176

Beckers D, Buck M. PNF in practice: an illustrated guide. 5th ed. Springer Nature; 2021. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-61818-9

Sherrington CS, Roaf HE. On reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles. Eleventh note.—Further observations on successive induction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Lon- don Series B. 1908;80(536):53-71. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1908.0008

Saliba VL, Johnson GS, Wardlaw C. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. In: Rational Manual Therapies. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1993;243-284.

Magill R, Anderson DI. Motor Learning and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing; 2010.

Winterbottom L, Nilsen DM. Motor learning following stroke: mechanisms of learning and techniques to augment neuroplasticity. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2024;35(2):277-291. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.06.004

Fitts PM, Posner MI. Human performance. Belmont: Brooks/Cole; 1967.

Maier M, Ballester BR, Verschure P. Principles of Neurorehabilitation After Stroke Based on Motor Learning and Brain Plasticity Mechanisms. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2019;13:74. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00074

Lotze M, Braun C, Birbaumer N, et al. Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive. Brain. 2003;126(4):866-872. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg079

Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016;47(6):e98-e169. doi: 10.1161/STR.000000000000009

Bernstein NA. Dexterity and its pevelopment New York: Psychology Press; 2014.

Mawase F, Uehara S, Bastian AJ, et al. Motor learning enhances use-dependent plasticity. Jour- nal of Neuroscience. 2017;37(10):2673-2685. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3303-16.2017

Plautz EJ, Milliken GW, Nudo RJ. Effects of repetitive motor training on movement represen- tations in adult squirrel monkeys: role of use versus learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2000;74(1):27-55. doi: 10.1006/nlme.1999.3934

Shea JB, Morgan RL. Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and trans- fer of a motor skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1979;5(2):179. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.5.2.179

Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review. 1975;82(4):225. doi: 10.1037/h0076770

Kate M, Kumar KV, Nayak A, et al. Comparing distributed versus massed practice on functi- onal recovery and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in acute stroke subjects. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2024;15(2):238-244. doi: 10.25259/JNRP_416_2023

Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attenti- on for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2016;23(5):1382-1414. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9

Gokeler A, Neuhaus D, Benjaminse A, et al. Principles of motor learning to support neurop- lasticity after ACL injury: implications for optimizing performance and reducing risk of second ACL injury. Sports Medicine. 2019;49(6):853-865. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01058-0

Fontana FE, Furtado Jr O, Mazzardo O, et al. Whole and part practice: A meta-analysis. Per- ceptual and Motor Skills. 2009;109(2):517-530. doi: 10.2466/pms.109.2.517-530

Schmidt RA, Wrisberg CA. Motor Learning and Performance: A Situation-Based Learning Ap- proach. 4th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2008.

Van Vliet PM, Wulf G. Extrinsic feedback for motor learning after stroke: what is the eviden- ce? Disability and Rehabilitation. 2006;28(13-14):831-840. doi: 10.1080/09638280500534937

Subramanian SK, Massie CL, Malcolm MP, et al. Does provision of extrinsic feedback result in improved motor learning in the upper limb poststroke? A systematic review of the evidence. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2010;24(2):113-124. doi: 10.1177/1545968309349941

Jeannerod M. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1):S103-S109. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0832

Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, et al. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis.

6th ed. Champaign: Human kinetics; 2018.

Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, et al. Neural correlates of action: Comparing me- ta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2018;94:31-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003

Di Rienzo F, Debarnot U, Daligault S, et al. Online and offline performance gains following motor imagery practice: a comprehensive review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2016;10:315. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00315

Hird JS, Landers DM, Thomas JR, et al. Physical practice is superior to mental practice in enhancing cognitive and motor task performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1991;13(3):281-293. doi: 10.1123/jsep.13.3.281

Mulder T. Motor imagery and action observation: cognitive tools for rehabilitation. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2007;114(10):1265-1278. doi: 10.1007/s00702-007-0763-z

Johnson SH. Imagining the impossible: intact motor representations in hemiplegics. NeuroReport. 2000;11(4):729-732.

Pomeroy VM, Clark CA, Miller JS, et al. The potential for utilizing the “mirror neurone system” to enhance recovery of the severely affected upper limb early after stroke: a review and hypothe- sis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2005;19(1):4-13. doi: 10.1177/1545968304274351

Rizzolatti G, Sinigaglia C. The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpreta- tions and misinterpretations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2010;11(4):264-274. doi: 10.1038/ nrn2805

Mattar AA, Gribble PL. Motor learning by observing. Neuron. 2005;46(1):153-160.

Garrison KA, Aziz-Zadeh L, Wong SW, et al. Modulating the motor system by action obser- vation after stroke. Stroke. 2013. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001105

Meadmore KL, Hallewell E, Freeman C, et al. Factors affecting rehabilitation and use of upper limb after stroke: views from healthcare professionals and stroke survivors. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 2019;26(2):94-100. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2018.1544845

Sánchez N, Winstein CJ. Lost in translation: simple steps in experimental design of neurore- habilitation-based research interventions to promote motor recovery post-stroke. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021;15:644335. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.644335

Dobkin BH, Plummer-D’Amato P, Elashoff R, et al. International randomized clinical tri- al, stroke inpatient rehabilitation with reinforcement of walking speed (SIRROWS), improves outcomes. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2010;24(3):235-242. doi: 10.1177/1545968309357558

Rowe JB, Chan V, Ingemanson ML, et al. Robotic assistance for training finger movement using a hebbian model: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2017;31(8):769-780. doi: 10.1177/1545968317721975

Chen Y-A, Lewthwaite R, Schweighofer N, et al. Essential role of social context and self-ef- ficacy in daily paretic arm/hand use after stroke: an ecological momentary assessment study with accelerometry. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2023;104(3):390-402. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.09.003

Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2008;51(1):S225-S239. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)

Park YH, Lee DH, Lee JH. A Comprehensive Review: Robot-Assisted Treatments for Gait Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(4). doi: 10.3390/medici- na60040620

Banyai AD, Brișan C. Robotics in Physical Rehabilitation: Systematic Review. Healthcare (Ba- sel). 2024;12(17). doi: 10.3390/healthcare12171720

Schwartz I, Meiner Z. Robotic-assisted gait training in neurological patients: who may bene- fit? Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2015;43(5):1260-1269. doi: 10.1007/s10439-015-1283-x

Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bertè F, et al. Robotic gait rehabilitation and substitution devices in neurological disorders: where are we now? Neurological Sciences. 2016;37(4):503-514. doi: 10.1007/s10072-016-2474-4

Nedergård H, Arumugam A, Sandlund M, et al. Effect of robotic-assisted gait training on objective biomechanical measures of gait in persons post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2021;18(1):64. doi: 10.1186/ s12984-021-00857-9

Huang VS, Krakauer JW. Robotic neurorehabilitation: a computational motor learning pers- pective. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2009;6:5. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-6- 5

Calabrò RS, Naro A, Russo M, et al. The role of virtual reality in improving motor performan- ce as revealed by EEG: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabili- tation. 2017;14(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0268-4

Hesse S, Malezic M, Schaffrin A, et al. Restoration of gait by combined treadmill training and multichannel electrical stimulation in non-ambulatory hemiparetic patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995;27(4):199-204. doi: 10.2340/165019771995199204

Li H, Zhou M. Effects of whole body vibration training on upper limb motor function in hemiplegic patients with subacute stroke. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;9:1055-1060.

Kuwahara W, Miyawaki Y, Kaneko F. Impact of the upper limb physiotherapy on Behavi- oral and brain adaptations in post-stroke patients. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics. 2022;34(4):718-725. doi: 10.20965/jrm.2022.p0718

Schweighofer N, Choi Y, Winstein C, et al. Task-oriented rehabilitation robotics. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2012;91(11):S270-S279. doi: 10.1097/PHM. 0b013e31826bcd42

Yan W, Lin Y, Chen YF, et al. Enhancing Neuroplasticity for Post-Stroke Motor Recovery: Mechanisms, Models, and Neurotechnology. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Reha- bilitation Engineering. 2025;33:1156-1168. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3551753

Zhang C, Wang C, Li P, et al. Robot-assisted haptic rendering for nail hammering: A rep- resentative of IADL tasks. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. 2023;21(3):4028-4041. doi: 10.1109/TASE.2023.3291751

Moucheboeuf G, Griffier R, Gasq D, et al. Effects of robotic gait training after stroke: A me- ta-analysis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;63(6):518-534. doi: 10.1016/j. rehab.2020.02.008

Nam KY, Kim HJ, Kwon BS, et al. Robot-assisted gait training (Lokomat) improves walking function and activity in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Journal of Neuro- Engineering and Rehabilitation. 2017;14(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0232-3

Rajashekar D, Boyer A, Larkin-Kaiser KA, et al. Technological Advances in Stroke Rehabilitati- on: Robotics and Virtual Reality. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2024;35(2):383- 398.

Lee BO, Saragih ID, Batubara SO. Robotic arm use for upper limb rehabilitation after stro- ke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2023;39(5):435-445. doi: 10.1002/kjm2.12679

Shetty V, Sulfikar Ali A, Natarajan M, et al. Interventions to improve upper extremity reac- hing function in persons with stroke: a scoping review protocol. Physical Therapy Reviews. 2021;26(5):398-402. doi: 10.1080/10833196.2021.1933338

Ren H, Liu T, Wang J. Design and Analysis of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot Based on Multimodal Control. Sensors. 2023;23(21):8801. doi: 10.3390/s23218801

Maciejasz P, Eschweiler J, Gerlach-Hahn K, et al. A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2014;11(1):3.

He Y, Xu Y, Hai M, et al. Exoskeleton-Assisted Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity in Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurgery. 2024;185:45-54. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.167

Islam MR, Brahmi B, Ahmed T, et al. Exoskeletons in upper limb rehabilitation: A review to find key challenges to improve functionality. Control Theory in Biomedical Engineering. 2020:235-265. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-821350-6.00009-3

De Caro JS, Islam MR, Montenegro EM, et al., editors. Inverse Kinematic solution of u-Rob4 an hybrid exoskeleton for stroke rehabilitation. 2021 18th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD); 2021: IEEE.

Tseng KC, Wang L, Hsieh C, et al. Portable robots for upper-limb rehabilitation after stro- ke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine. 2024;56(1):2337735. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2337735

Jiang C, Xiao J, Wei H, et al. Review on Portable-Powered Lower Limb Exoskeletons. Sensors (Basel). 2024;24(24). doi: 10.3390/s24248090

Loureiro RC, Harwin WS, Nagai K, et al. Advances in upper limb stroke rehabilitation: a te- chnology push. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2011;49(10):1103-1118. doi: 10.1007/s11517-011-0797-0

Amirbekova M, Kispayeva T, Adomaviciene A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness of robotic therapy in the recovery of motor functions after stroke. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2025;19:1622661. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1622661

George MS, Taylor JJ, Short EB. The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depres- sion. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2013;26(1):13-18. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835ab46d

Beer B. Uber das Auftretten einer objectiven Lichtempfindung in magnetischen Felde. Klinis- che Wochenzeitschrift. 1902;15:108-109.

Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cor- tex. Lancet. 1985;1(8437):1106-1107.

Wessel MJ, Zimerman M, Hummel FC. Non-invasive brain stimulation: an interventional tool for enhancing behavioral training after stroke. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9:265. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00265

van Lieshout ECC, van der Worp HB, Visser-Meily JMA, et al. Timing of Repetitive Transcra- nial Magnetic Stimulation Onset for Upper Limb Function After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10:1269. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01269

Bai Z, Zhang J, Fong KNK. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in modulating cortical excitability in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of NeuroEn- gineering and Rehabilitation. 2022;19(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12984-022-00999-4

Cheng JL, Tan C, Liu HY, et al. Past, present, and future of deep transcranial magnetic sti- mulation: A review in psychiatric and neurological disorders. World Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;13(9):607-619. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i9.607

Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron. 2007;55(2):187-199.

Kesikburun S. Non-invasive brain stimulation in rehabilitation. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;68(1):1-8. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2022.10608

Vucic S, Chen K-HS, Kiernan MC, et al. Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magne- tic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2023;150:131-175. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.010

Emanuele M, D’Ausilio A, Koch G, et al. Scale-invariant changes in corticospinal exci- tability reflect multiplexed oscillations in the motor output. The Journal of Physiology. 2024;602(1):205-222. doi: 10.1113/JP284273

Komatsu T, Hada T, Sasaki N, et al. Effects and safety of high-frequency rTMS in subacute ischemic stroke patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2024;462:123069. doi: 10.1016/j. jns.2024.123069

Roth Y, Zangen A, Hallett M. A coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002;19(4):361-370.

Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, et al. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2009;120(12):2008-2039. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016

Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018). Clinical Neurophysiology. 2020;131(2):474-528. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002

Demchenko I, Al-Shamali HF, Rueda A, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Neuro- navigation for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Mood Disorders: Technical Foundation, Advances, and Emerging Tools. Human Brain Mapping. 2025;46(17):e70424. doi: 10.1002/hbm.70424

Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Lefaucheur J-P, Cardenas-Morales L, et al. The value of neuronaviga- ted rTMS for the treatment of depression. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysio- logy. 2010;40(1):37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.06.004

Ilmoniemi FJ, Ruohonen J, Karhu J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation–A new tool for func- tional imaging. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 1999;27:241-284.

Di Fazio C, Palermo S. Neuronavigation: Neuroimaging Applied to Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery. In: Palermo S (ed.) Neuroimaging-From Research to Clinical Practice. London: IntechOpen Limited; 2025. p. 1–21. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1010245

Stefan K, Kunesch E, Cohen LG, et al. Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation. Brain. 2000;123(3):572-584. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.3.572

Stefan K, Kunesch E, Benecke R, et al. Mechanisms of enhancement of human motor cortex excitability induced by interventional paired associative stimulation. The Journal of Physio- logy. 2002;543(2):699-708. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023317

Li K-P, Wu J-J, Zhou Z-L, et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation for neurorehabilitation in post-stroke patients. Brain Sciences. 2023;13(3):451. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13030451

Ward NS, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Archi- ves of Neurology. 2004;61(12):1844-1848. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.12.1844

Di Pino G, Pellegrino G, Assenza G, et al. Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2014;10(10):597-608. doi: 10.1038/ nrneurol.2014.162

Takeuchi N, Chuma T, Matsuo Y, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of cont- ralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function after stroke. Stroke. 2005. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000189658.51972.3

Kim Y-H, You SH, Ko M-H, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation–induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1471-1476. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000221233.55497.51

Qi S, Tian M, Rao Y, et al. Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to rehabilitation of poststroke lower extremity function and an improvement: Individual-target TMS. Wiley In- terdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 2023;14(2):e1636. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1636

Cantone M, Pennisi M, Bella R, et al. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson’s Di- sease and Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Narrative Expert Review. Life (Basel). 2026;16(2). doi: 10.3390/life16020233

Xie YJ, Gao Q, He CQ, et al. Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Gait and Freezing of Gait in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2020;101(1):130-140. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.07.013

Chen X, Yin L, An Y, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in multip- le sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2022;59:103564. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103564

Zhang L, Sun Y, Diao Z, et al. Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on balance control in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2025;16:1696343. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1696343

Avenanti A, Coccia M, Ladavas E, et al. Low-frequency rTMS promotes use-dependent motor plasticity in chronic stroke: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2012;78(4):256-264. doi: 10.1212/ WNL.0b013e318243655

Dionisio A, Duarte IC, Patricio M, et al. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimula- tion for stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Dise- ases. 2018;27(1):1-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.008

Bolognini N, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. Using non-invasive brain stimulation to augment motor training-induced plasticity. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 2009;6(1):8. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-6-8

Kakuda W, Abo M, Sasanuma J, et al. Combination protocol of low-frequency rTMS and intensive occupational therapy for post-stroke upper limb hemiparesis: a 6-year experience of more than 1700 Japanese patients. Translational Stroke Research. 2016;7(3):172-179.doi: 10.1007/s12975-016-0456-8