Kokain: Akut Zehirlenme
Özet
Referanslar
National Heroin Threat Assessment Summary April 2015 https://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2015/hq052215_National_Heroin_Threat_Assessment_Summary.pdf (Accessed on November 29, 2016).
Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Barker B. Underlying causes of cocaine, amphetamine andopioid related deaths in Australia. J Clin Forensic Med 2005; 12:187.
Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, et al. Fatal injuries after cocaine use as a leading cause ofdeath among young adults in New York City. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1753.
4.Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, et al. Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenousinjection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking. Drug Metab Dispos 1989; 17:153.
5.Tella SR, Schindler CW, Goldberg SR. Cardiovascular effects of cocaine in conscious rats:relative significance of central sympathetic stimulation and peripheral neuronalmonoamine uptake and release mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262:602.
Tella SR, Schindler CW, Goldberg SR. Cocaine: cardiovascular effects in relation to inhibitionof peripheral neuronal monoamine uptake and central stimulation of thesympathoadrenal system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267:153.
Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ. Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters arerelated to self-administration of cocaine. Science 1987; 237:1219.
8.Smith JA, Mo Q, Guo H, et al. Cocaine increases extraneuronal levels of aspartate andglutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1995; 683:264.
Javitt DC. Glutamate as a therapeutic target in psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:984.
Curry SC, Mills KC, Ruha A. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th ed, Flomenbaum NE, Goldfrank LR, Hoffmann RS, et al (Eds), McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York 2006.
11.Hoffman RS. Cocaine. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th ed, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Hoffman RS, et al (Eds), McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York 2006. p.1133
Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, et al. Ambient temperature and mortality fromunintentional cocaine overdose. JAMA 1998; 279:1795.
Koppel BS, Samkoff L, Daras M. Relation of cocaine use to seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsia1996; 37:875.
Brody SL, Slovis CM, Wrenn KD. Cocaine-related medical problems: consecutive series of233 patients. Am J Med 1990; 88:325.
Daras M, Tuchman AJ, Marks S. Central nervous system infarction related to cocaine abuse.Stroke 1991; 22:1320.
Schwartz KA, Cohen JA. Subarachnoid hemorrhage precipitated by cocaine snorting. ArchNeurol 1984; 41:705.
Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr, et al. Cocaine-induced coronary-arteryvasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1557.
Rezkalla SH, Mazza JJ, Kloner RA, et al. Effects of cocaine on human platelets in healthysubjects. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72:243.
Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of cocaine-associated chest pain. Cocaine Associated Chest Pain (COCHPA) Study Group. Acad EmergMed 1994; 1:330.
Koppel BS, Samkoff L, Daras M. Relation of cocaine use to seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsia1996; 37:875.
Fisher A, Holroyd BR. Cocaine-associated dissection of the thoracic aorta. J Emerg Med1992; 10:723.
Kolodgie FD, Wilson PS, Cornhill JF, et al. Increased prevalence of aortic fatty streaks incholesterol-fed rabbits administered intravenous cocaine: the role of vascularendothelium. Toxicol Pathol 1993; 21:425.
Dressler FA, Malekzadeh S, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis of amounts of coronaryarterial narrowing in cocaine addicts. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65:303.
Maeder M, Ullmer E. Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax as a complicationof cocaine smoking. Respiration 2003; 70:407.
Uva JL. Spontaneous pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum:consequences of smoking crack cocaine. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13:24.
Ettinger NA, Albin RJ. A review of the respiratory effects of smoking cocaine. Am J Med1989; 87:664.
Rome LA, Lippmann ML, Dalsey WC, et al. Prevalence of cocaine use and its impact onasthma exacerbation in an urban population. Chest 2000; 117:1324.
28.Delaney K, Hoffman RS. Pulmonary infarction associated with crack cocaine use in apreviously healthy 23-year-old woman. Am J Med 1991; 91:92.
29.Smith GT, McClaughry PL, Purkey J, Thompson W. Crack cocaine mimicking pulmonaryembolism on pulmonary ventilation/perfusion lung scan. A case report. Clin Nucl Med1995; 20:65.
Lee HS, LaMaute HR, Pizzi WF, et al. Acute gastroduodenal perforations associated withuse of crack. Ann Surg 1990; 211:15.
Edmondson DA, Towne JB, Foley DW, et al. Cocaine-induced renal artery dissection andthrombosis leading to renal infarction. WMJ 2004; 103:66.
Kothur R, Marsh F, Posner G. Liver function tests in nonparenteral cocaine users. ArchIntern Med 1991; 151:1126.
Flaque-Coma J. Cocaine and rhabdomyolysis: report of a case and review of the literature.Bol Asoc Med P R 1990; 82:423.
Libman RB, Masters SR, de Paola A, Mohr JP. Transient monocular blindness associatedwith cocaine abuse. Neurology 1993; 43:228.
Ravin JG, Ravin LC. Blindness due to illicit use of topical cocaine. Ann Ophthalmol 1979;11:863.
Addis A, Moretti ME, Ahmed Syed F, et al. Fetal effects of cocaine: an updated meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15:341.
Flowers D, Clark JF, Westney LS. Cocaine intoxication associated with abruptio placentae. JNatl Med Assoc 1991; 83:230.
Rosenberg NM, Meert KL, Knazik SR, et al. Occult cocaine exposure in children. Am J DisChild 1991; 145:1430.
Richards JR, Garber D, Laurin EG, et al. Treatment of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity: asystematic review. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:345.