Vitaminler
Özet
Kimyasal yapılarında karbon (C) elementi içeren organik bileşiklere “vitamin” denir. Çözünürlüklerine göre yağda ve suda çözünen olarak 2 gruba ayrılır. Yağda çözünen vitaminler A, D, E, K vitaminleri, suda çözünen vitaminler B grubu ve C vitaminleridir. Vitaminler mikro besin ögeleri olup, ortak bir yapıları yoktur, her vitaminin kimyasal yapısı kendine özgüdür. Vitaminler, vücutta yapı maddesi olarak kullanılmaz ve vücuda enerji sağlamazlar. Vücutta makro besin ögelerinin metabolizmasında, hücresel işlevlerde ve bağışıklık sisteminin düzenlenmesinde görevli olup işlevlerini, belirli tepkimelere özgü aktif yapılarıyla gerçekleştirirler. Vitamin gereksinimleri vücutta depolanan kadar olup miligram (mg), mikrogram (mcg) ya da internasyonel ünite (IU) düzeyinde ifade edilir. Vitaminlerin diyetle alınması elzemdir. Yetersizlikleri kademeli gelişir, önce dolaşımdaki miktarı azalır, sonra hücrelerdeki düzeyi düşer ve vitaminin yer aldığı metabolik süreçler yavaşlayarak bozulur. Bu değişiklikler vücut dokularında aynı sürede olmaz, çünkü vitaminlerin vücutta kalış süreleri farklıdır. Yağda çözünen vitaminlerin fazlası karaciğerde ve yağ dokularında depolandığı için fazla alınması toksiktir. B12 vitamini hariç suda çözünen vitaminler uzun süreli depolanamaz, diyetle fazla alındığında idrarda atılır, toksik etki göstermez.
Organic compounds containing the element carbon (C) in their chemical structure are called vitamins. They are divided into 2 groups according to their solubility: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, K, water soluble vitamins are B group and vitamin C. Vitamins are micronutrients and they do not have a common structure, each vitamin has its own chemical structure. Vitamins are not used as building materials in the body and do not provide energy to the body. They are responsible for the metabolism of macronutrients in the body, cellular functions and the regulation of the immune system, and they perform their functions with their active structures specific to certain reactions. Vitamin requirements are based on what is stored in the body and are expressed in small amounts at the milligram (mg), microgram (mcg) or international unit (IU) level. It is essential to get vitamins through diet. Deficiency develops gradually, first the amount in circulation decreases, then its level in cells decreases and the metabolic processes in which the vitamin takes place slow down and deteriorate. These changes do not occur at the same time in body tissues, because the duration of vitamins in the body is different. Excess fat soluble vitamins are toxic when taken in excess because they are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Water-soluble vitamins, except vitamin B12, cannot be stored for long periods of time; when taken in excess through the diet, they are excreted in the urine and do not have a toxic effect.
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