A New Search of Bioactive Compounds: Algae
Özet
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Resistance to antibiotics used to treat them has become a global problem. Today, the clinical effectiveness of many available antibiotics against resistant pathogens is threatened. Marine organisms are rich sources of bioactive substances or newly structured metabolites. Primary and secondary metabolites produced by these organisms constitute the area of greatest interest to the pharmaceutical industry today. Screening of compounds and extracts isolated from different natural sources is a common way to find biologically active metabolites. Many studies have reported that algae and its metabolites, as natural resources, are preferred as a rich source for the development of various nutritional, industrial and medical products (Borowitzka 1995; Volk & Furkert, 2006; Evrim et al. 2010). Industrial and technological developments have significantly increased pollution, and therefore the density and diversity of carcinogenic substances that pose a threat to human health have also increased. Since the mid-20th century, it has become necessary to determine the genotoxicity of every newly detected substance (Al-Haj et al., 2009).
Referanslar
Abd El-baky, H. H., El Baz, F. K., El-baroty, G. S. Characterization of nutraceutical compounds in blue green alga Spirulna maxima. Electronic Journal for Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8(11), 1113–1126, 2009.
Abedin, R. M. A., Taha, H. M. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cyanobacteria and green microalgae. Evaluation of medium components by plackett-burman design for antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis. Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, 3 (1): 22-31, 2008.
Adwan, G., Salameh, K., Adwan, K. Effect of extract Ecbalium elaterium against Staphyoccocus aureus and Candida albicans. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 456-460, 2011.
Afifah, I. N., Darah, I. I., Fariza, I. S., Mohd Jain Nordin, M., K. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of a tropical Chlorophyta macroalgae, Halimeda discoidea. Joumal of Applied Sciences, 10 (23): 3007 -30l3, 2010
Akyıl, D. Farklı Tipteki Fungusitlerin Muhtemel Mutajeniteleri Üzerine Bir Çahsma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesti Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyon, 1-21, 38-48, 2006.
Al- Haj N. A., Mashan N. I., Shamudin M. N., Antibacterial activity in marine algae Eucheuma denticulatum against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(4): 519-524, 2009.
Al-Amoudi, O. a., Mutawie, H. H., Patel, A. V., Blunden, G. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Jeddah corniche algae, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(1), 23–29, 2009.
Al-Saif, S. S. A., Abdel-Raouf, N., El-Wazanani, H. A., Aref, I. B. Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 21: 57–64, 2014.
Ballantine, D. L., Gerwick, W. H., Velez, S. M., Alexander, E. and Guevara, P., Antibiotic activity of lipid-soluble extracts from Caribbean marine algae. Hydrobiologia, 151-152: 463–469, 1987.
Bansemir, A., Blume, M., Schröder, S., Lindequist, U., Screening of cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Aquaculture, 252: 79–84, 2006.
Bhagavathy, S., Sumathi, P., Jancy Sherene Bell, I. Green algae Chlorococcum humicola- a new source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, S1–S7, 2011.
Bhateja, P., Mathur, T., Pandya, M., Fatma, T., Rattan, A. Activity of blue green microalgae extracts against in vitro generated Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Fitoterapia, 77(3), 233–235, 2006.
Borowitzka M. A., algal biotechnology products and processes–matching science and economics. Journal of Applied Phycology, 4: 267-279, 1992.
Boundless, “Primary and Secondary Metabolites.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, https:// www.boundless .com / microbiology / textbooks / boundless - microbiology - textbook /industrial - microbiology- 17/ industrial- microbiology – 198 /primary-and- secondary-metabolites-999-5345. (Temmuz, 2015).
Chinnu, K., Mukund, S., Muthukumaran, M., & Sivasubramanian, V. In vitro antioxidant activity of isolated beta glucan from Chroococcus turgidus. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 6(3), 1–6, 2015.
Choudhury, S., Sree, A., Mukherjee, S. C., Pattnaik, P., ve Bapuji, M., in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of selected marine algae and mangroves against fish pathogens. Asian Fisheries Science, 18: 285-294, 2005.
Cowan, M. M., Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4): 564-581, 1999.
Danyal, A., Mubeen, U., Malik, K. A., Investigating two native algal species to determine antibiotic susceptibility against some pathogens. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 70-74, 2013.
Debnath, A. K., Compadre, R. L., Debnath, G., Shusterman, A. J., and Hansch, G. Structure-activity relationship of mutagenic aromatic and heteroaromatic nitro compounds correlation with molecular orbital energies and hydrophobicity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 34(2), 786-797, 1991.
Deshmukh D. V., Puranik P. R. Application of Plackett-Burman Design to evaluate media components affecting antibacterial activity of alkaliphilic cyanobacteria isolated from Lonar Lake. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi. (Turkish Journal of Biochemistry), 35 (2): 114–120, 2010.
Dhanalakshmi M., Angayarkanni, J. Phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of chlorosarcinopsis species. International journal of scientific & technology research, 2: 10, 315-321, 2013.
Ely, R., Supriya, T., Naik, C. G., Antimicrobial activity of marine organisms collected off the coast of South East India. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 309:121 – 127, 2004.
Eom, S., Park, J., Yu, D., Choi, J., Choi, J., Lee, M., & Kim, Y., antimicrobial activity of brown alga eisenia bicyclis against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 251–256, 2011.
Evrim, T., Çakı, Z., Öztürk, M., Taşkın, M., Kurt, O., Antimicrobial and antitumoural activities of marine algae. Review of Hydrobiology, 3(1): 37-50, 2010.
Felício, R., Albuquerque, S., Marx Young, M. C., Yokoya, N. S., Debonsi, H. M. Trypanocidal, leishmanicidal and antifungal potential from marine red alga Bostrychia tenella J. Agardh (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 52: 763–769, 2010.
Goiris, K., Muylaert, K., Fraeye, I., Foubert, I., De Brabanter, J., & De Cooman, L. Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(6), 1477–1486, 2012.
Goiris, K., Muylaert, K., Fraeye, I., Foubert, I., De Brabanter, J., & De Cooman, L. Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(6), 1477–1486, 2012.
Gökpınar Ş., Koray T., Akçiçek E., Göksan T., Durmaz Y., (2006). Algal Antioksidanlar. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23: 85-89, 2006.
Guiry, M., Seaweed uses and utilization. http://www.seaweed.ie/uses_general/ humanfood.lasso, 2008.
Hajimahmoodi, M., Faramarzi, M. A., Mohammadi, N., Soltani, N., Oveisi, M. R., Nafissi-Varcheh, N. Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some strains of microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(1), 43–50, 2009.
Hemalatha, A, Girija, K., Parthiban, C., Saranya, C., & Anantharaman, P. (2013). Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of a marine diatom , Navicula clavata and green microalgae , Chlorella marina and Dunaliella salina, Pelagia Research Library, 4(5), 151–157, 2013.
Hilmi Ş., Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. THTD. 48:1-2, 44-49, 1994.
Ibañez, E., Herrero, M., Mendiola, J. a, & Castro-puyana, M. Marine bioactive compounds. Extraction and characterizaton of bioactive compounds with health benefits, Marine Bioactive Compounds, 2012.
Julkunen-Tiitto R. Phenolic Constituents in the Leaves of Northern Willows: Methods for the Analysis of Certain Phenolics. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 33(2) 213-217, 1985.
Kandhasamy M, Arunachalam K. D., Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12): 1958-1961, 2008.
Karagozler A. A., Erdag B., Calmaz Emek Y., Aktas Uygun D. Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata. Food Chemistry, 111: 400–407, 2008.
Kartal, M., Orhan, I., Abu-Asaker, M.,Senol, F., S., Atıcı, T., Sener, B., antioxidant and anticholinesterase assets and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry preface of various fresh-water and marine macroalgae. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 5(20): 291- 297, 2009.
Katırcıoğlu H., Beyatli Y., Aslim B., Yüksekdag Z., Atici T. Screening of antimicrobial agent production of some microalgae in freshwater. The internet journal of Microbiology, 2006.
c. Antibacterial Activity from Marine Microalgae in Laboratory Culture. Journal of Phycology,24:191-194, 1989.
Khoddami, A., Wilkes, M. a., Roberts, T. H. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules, 18(2), 2328–2375, 2013
Kitada, K., Goto, M., Machmudah, S., Nakashima, Y., Hasegawa, T., Sasaki, M. ve Kumamoto, S. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of nutraceutical compounds from Chlorella vulgaris extracted in hydrothermal condition. Separation Science and Technology, 44: 1228–1239, 2009.
Kosanic, M., Rankovic, B., Stanojkovic, T. Biological activities of two macroalgae from Adriatic coast of Montenegro. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22: 390–397, 2015.
Kuda, T., Tsunekawa, M., Goto, H., Araki, Y. Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto Peninsula, Japan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, (18): 625–633, 2005.
Kutlu, M., Öztaş, E., Aydoğan, G., Işıkdağ, İ., Özkay, Y. Bazı 9-Sübstitüe fenantren türevlerinin mutajenik aktivitelerinin/ salmonella / mikrozom testi ile araştirilmasi. Anadolu university journal of science and technology –C. Life Sciences And Biotechnology Cilt/Vol.:1-Sayı/No: 1: 83-94, 2011.
Li, Y., Z.J. Qian, B.M. Ryu, S.H. Lee, M.M. Kim, and S.K. Kim. Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 17: 1963–1973, 2009.
López A., Rico M., Rivero A., Suárez de Tangil M. The effects of solvents on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Stypocaulon scoparium algae extracts. Food Chemistry, 125: 1104–1109, 2011.
Manivannan, K., Karthikai devi, G., Anantharaman, P., Balasubramanian, T. Antimicrobial potential of selected brown seaweeds from Vedalai coastal waters, Gulf of Mannar. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 114-120, 2011.
Maron, D. R. and Ames, B. N. Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Research, 113: 173-215, 1983.
Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., Rao, A.S., The use of unicellular soil green algae for insecticide bioassay. Journal of Microbiolojical Methods. 10(2): 119-122, 1989.
Merkl, R., Hrádková, I., Filip, V., & Šmidrkal, J. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phenolic acids alkyl esters. Czech Journal of Food Science, 28(4), 275–279, 2010.
Mohsin S., Mahadevan R., Muraleedhara Kurup G. Free-radical-scavenging activity and antioxidant effect of ascophyllanfrom marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 4(1): 75-79, 2013.
Mtolera, M. S. P. and Semesi, A. K., Antimicrobial activity of extraxts from six green algae from Tanzania. In: Cur. Trends Mar. Botanical Research, 211–217, 1996.
Najdenski H. M., Gigova L. G., Iliev I. I., Pilarski P. S., Lukavsky J., Antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected microalgae and cyanobacteria. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48: 1533-1540, 2013.
Oh, K. B., Lee, J. H., Chung, S. C., Kim, H. K., Shin, J., Lee, H. S., Shin, H. J., Antimicrobial activities of the bromophenols from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera and some synthetic derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Letters 18:104–108, 2008.
Ozcan, T., Akpinar-Bayizit, a., Yilmaz-Ersan, L., & Delikanli, B. Phenolics in Human Health. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 5(5), 393–396, 2014.
Ozdemir G., Horzum Z., Sukatar A., Karabay-Yavasoglu U., Antimicrobial activities of volatile components and various extracts of dictyopteris membranaceae and cystoseira barbata from the Coast of Izmir, Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(3): 183–188, 2006.
Pai, C. A. Foundation of Genetics, A Science for Society. Keyford Press, Singapur, 28- 33, 1985.
Patra, J.K., Patra, A. P., Mahapatra, N. K., Thatoi, H. N., Das, S., Sahu, R. K. and Swain, G. C., Antimicrobia activity of organic solvent extracts of three marine macroalgae from Chilika Lake, Orissa, India. Malasian Journal of Microbiology.5: 128-131, 2009.
Prakash J. W., Antonisamy J. M., Solomon J. Antimicrobial activity of certain fresh water microalgae from Thamirabarani River, Tamil Nadu, South India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S170-S173, 2011.
Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K., & Ran, S. S. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1), S38– S39, 2011.
Rainer-B. Volk, Franz H. Furkert, Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth. Microbiological Research, 161: 180—186, 2006.
Rippka, R., Detruelles J., Waterbury J.B., Herdman, L., Stainer R., (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Journal of Genetics Microbiology, 111: 1-61, 1979.
Rosaline, X. D., Sakthivelkumar, S., Rajendran, K., Janarthanan, S. Screening of selected marine algae from the coastal Tamil Nadu, South India for antibacterial activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S140-S146, 2012.
Salem, W. M., Galal, H. and Nasr El-deen, F. Screening for antibacterial activities in some marinealgae from the red sea (Hurghada, Egypt). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(15): 2160-2167, 2011.
Santoyo, S., Rodri, I., Meizoso, G., Cifuentes, A., Jaime, L., Garcia, G., Reina, B., Ibanez, I. Green processes based on the extraction with pressurized fluids to obtain potent antimicrobials from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. LWT - Food Science and Technology 42: 1213–1218, 2009.
Sasidharan, S., Darah, I., Noordin, M. K. M. J. Ivitro antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and acute oral toxicity of marine algae Gracilaria changii. New Biotechnology. 27 (4): 390-396, 2010.
Shamchi, M., Investigation of bioactive compounds of cyanobacteria and some algal species, Hacettepe University, 2016
Smit, A.J., Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 16: 245–262, 2004.
Solomon R.D.J and Santhi V.S., Purification of bioactive natural product against human microbial pathogens from marine seaweed Dictyota acutiloba. J. Ag. World Journal of Microbiological Biotechnology, 24: 1747- 1752, 2008.
Stojković D., Petrović J., Soković M., Glamočlija J., Kukić-Marković J., Petrović S.(2013). In situ antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of naturally occurring caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and rutin, using food systems. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 93(13):3205-8, 2013.
Suganthy, N., Arif Nisha, S., Pandian, S. K., Devi, K. P. Evaluation of Gelidiella acerosa, the red algae inhabiting South Indian coastal area for antioxidant and metal chelating potential. Journal of Chemistry,5. 472-478, 2013.
Suhail, S., Biswas, D., Farooqui, A., Arif, J. M., Zeeshan, M. Antibacterial and free radical scavenging potential of some cyanobacterial strains and their growth characteristics. Journal of Chemistry, 3(2):472-478, 2011.
Susilowati, R., Sabdono, A., Widowati, I. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Brown Algae Sargassum spp. from Panjang Island and Their Antibacterial Activities. Procedia Environmental Sciencese, 23: 240 – 246, 2015.
Temizkan, G. Molekuler Genetik. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 35-39, 1996.
Tüney, İ., Adirci, B. H., Ünal, D., Sukatar, A. Antimicrobial Activities of the Extracts of Marine Algae from the Coast of Urla (Üzmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology. 30: 171-175, 2006.
Uma, R., Sivasubramanian, V. ve Devaraj, S. N. Preliminary phycochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial screening of green micro algae, Desmococcus Olivaceous, Chlorococcum humicola and Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Algal Biomass, 2 (3): 74– 81, 2011.
Wei Y.H., C.Y. Pang, The Role of Mitocondria in human aging process. Biotech International, 17: 8-13. Wiese, M., D’Agostino, P.M., Mihali, T. K., Moffitt, M. C. and Neilan, B. A., Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs, Marine Drugs, 8: 2185- 2211,2010.
Yazdani, D., Tan Y. H., Zainal Abidin M., and Jaganath I. A review on bioactive compounds isolated from plants against plant pathogenic fungi. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(30), 6584–6589, 2011.
Yong Song, M., Kwang Ku, S., Soo Han, J. Genotoxicity testing of low molecular weight fucoidan from brown seaweeds. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50: 790–796, 2012.
Zubia, M., Robledo, D., Freile-Pelegrin, Y. Antioxidant activities in tropical marine macroalgae from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19:449– 458, 2007.
Referanslar
Abd El-baky, H. H., El Baz, F. K., El-baroty, G. S. Characterization of nutraceutical compounds in blue green alga Spirulna maxima. Electronic Journal for Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8(11), 1113–1126, 2009.
Abedin, R. M. A., Taha, H. M. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cyanobacteria and green microalgae. Evaluation of medium components by plackett-burman design for antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis. Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, 3 (1): 22-31, 2008.
Adwan, G., Salameh, K., Adwan, K. Effect of extract Ecbalium elaterium against Staphyoccocus aureus and Candida albicans. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 456-460, 2011.
Afifah, I. N., Darah, I. I., Fariza, I. S., Mohd Jain Nordin, M., K. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of a tropical Chlorophyta macroalgae, Halimeda discoidea. Joumal of Applied Sciences, 10 (23): 3007 -30l3, 2010
Akyıl, D. Farklı Tipteki Fungusitlerin Muhtemel Mutajeniteleri Üzerine Bir Çahsma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesti Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyon, 1-21, 38-48, 2006.
Al- Haj N. A., Mashan N. I., Shamudin M. N., Antibacterial activity in marine algae Eucheuma denticulatum against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(4): 519-524, 2009.
Al-Amoudi, O. a., Mutawie, H. H., Patel, A. V., Blunden, G. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Jeddah corniche algae, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(1), 23–29, 2009.
Al-Saif, S. S. A., Abdel-Raouf, N., El-Wazanani, H. A., Aref, I. B. Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 21: 57–64, 2014.
Ballantine, D. L., Gerwick, W. H., Velez, S. M., Alexander, E. and Guevara, P., Antibiotic activity of lipid-soluble extracts from Caribbean marine algae. Hydrobiologia, 151-152: 463–469, 1987.
Bansemir, A., Blume, M., Schröder, S., Lindequist, U., Screening of cultivated seaweeds for antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Aquaculture, 252: 79–84, 2006.
Bhagavathy, S., Sumathi, P., Jancy Sherene Bell, I. Green algae Chlorococcum humicola- a new source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, S1–S7, 2011.
Bhateja, P., Mathur, T., Pandya, M., Fatma, T., Rattan, A. Activity of blue green microalgae extracts against in vitro generated Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Fitoterapia, 77(3), 233–235, 2006.
Borowitzka M. A., algal biotechnology products and processes–matching science and economics. Journal of Applied Phycology, 4: 267-279, 1992.
Boundless, “Primary and Secondary Metabolites.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, https:// www.boundless .com / microbiology / textbooks / boundless - microbiology - textbook /industrial - microbiology- 17/ industrial- microbiology – 198 /primary-and- secondary-metabolites-999-5345. (Temmuz, 2015).
Chinnu, K., Mukund, S., Muthukumaran, M., & Sivasubramanian, V. In vitro antioxidant activity of isolated beta glucan from Chroococcus turgidus. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 6(3), 1–6, 2015.
Choudhury, S., Sree, A., Mukherjee, S. C., Pattnaik, P., ve Bapuji, M., in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of selected marine algae and mangroves against fish pathogens. Asian Fisheries Science, 18: 285-294, 2005.
Cowan, M. M., Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4): 564-581, 1999.
Danyal, A., Mubeen, U., Malik, K. A., Investigating two native algal species to determine antibiotic susceptibility against some pathogens. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 70-74, 2013.
Debnath, A. K., Compadre, R. L., Debnath, G., Shusterman, A. J., and Hansch, G. Structure-activity relationship of mutagenic aromatic and heteroaromatic nitro compounds correlation with molecular orbital energies and hydrophobicity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 34(2), 786-797, 1991.
Deshmukh D. V., Puranik P. R. Application of Plackett-Burman Design to evaluate media components affecting antibacterial activity of alkaliphilic cyanobacteria isolated from Lonar Lake. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi. (Turkish Journal of Biochemistry), 35 (2): 114–120, 2010.
Dhanalakshmi M., Angayarkanni, J. Phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of chlorosarcinopsis species. International journal of scientific & technology research, 2: 10, 315-321, 2013.
Ely, R., Supriya, T., Naik, C. G., Antimicrobial activity of marine organisms collected off the coast of South East India. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 309:121 – 127, 2004.
Eom, S., Park, J., Yu, D., Choi, J., Choi, J., Lee, M., & Kim, Y., antimicrobial activity of brown alga eisenia bicyclis against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 251–256, 2011.
Evrim, T., Çakı, Z., Öztürk, M., Taşkın, M., Kurt, O., Antimicrobial and antitumoural activities of marine algae. Review of Hydrobiology, 3(1): 37-50, 2010.
Felício, R., Albuquerque, S., Marx Young, M. C., Yokoya, N. S., Debonsi, H. M. Trypanocidal, leishmanicidal and antifungal potential from marine red alga Bostrychia tenella J. Agardh (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 52: 763–769, 2010.
Goiris, K., Muylaert, K., Fraeye, I., Foubert, I., De Brabanter, J., & De Cooman, L. Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(6), 1477–1486, 2012.
Goiris, K., Muylaert, K., Fraeye, I., Foubert, I., De Brabanter, J., & De Cooman, L. Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(6), 1477–1486, 2012.
Gökpınar Ş., Koray T., Akçiçek E., Göksan T., Durmaz Y., (2006). Algal Antioksidanlar. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23: 85-89, 2006.
Guiry, M., Seaweed uses and utilization. http://www.seaweed.ie/uses_general/ humanfood.lasso, 2008.
Hajimahmoodi, M., Faramarzi, M. A., Mohammadi, N., Soltani, N., Oveisi, M. R., Nafissi-Varcheh, N. Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some strains of microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(1), 43–50, 2009.
Hemalatha, A, Girija, K., Parthiban, C., Saranya, C., & Anantharaman, P. (2013). Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of a marine diatom , Navicula clavata and green microalgae , Chlorella marina and Dunaliella salina, Pelagia Research Library, 4(5), 151–157, 2013.
Hilmi Ş., Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. THTD. 48:1-2, 44-49, 1994.
Ibañez, E., Herrero, M., Mendiola, J. a, & Castro-puyana, M. Marine bioactive compounds. Extraction and characterizaton of bioactive compounds with health benefits, Marine Bioactive Compounds, 2012.
Julkunen-Tiitto R. Phenolic Constituents in the Leaves of Northern Willows: Methods for the Analysis of Certain Phenolics. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 33(2) 213-217, 1985.
Kandhasamy M, Arunachalam K. D., Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12): 1958-1961, 2008.
Karagozler A. A., Erdag B., Calmaz Emek Y., Aktas Uygun D. Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata. Food Chemistry, 111: 400–407, 2008.
Kartal, M., Orhan, I., Abu-Asaker, M.,Senol, F., S., Atıcı, T., Sener, B., antioxidant and anticholinesterase assets and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry preface of various fresh-water and marine macroalgae. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 5(20): 291- 297, 2009.
Katırcıoğlu H., Beyatli Y., Aslim B., Yüksekdag Z., Atici T. Screening of antimicrobial agent production of some microalgae in freshwater. The internet journal of Microbiology, 2006.
c. Antibacterial Activity from Marine Microalgae in Laboratory Culture. Journal of Phycology,24:191-194, 1989.
Khoddami, A., Wilkes, M. a., Roberts, T. H. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules, 18(2), 2328–2375, 2013
Kitada, K., Goto, M., Machmudah, S., Nakashima, Y., Hasegawa, T., Sasaki, M. ve Kumamoto, S. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of nutraceutical compounds from Chlorella vulgaris extracted in hydrothermal condition. Separation Science and Technology, 44: 1228–1239, 2009.
Kosanic, M., Rankovic, B., Stanojkovic, T. Biological activities of two macroalgae from Adriatic coast of Montenegro. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22: 390–397, 2015.
Kuda, T., Tsunekawa, M., Goto, H., Araki, Y. Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto Peninsula, Japan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, (18): 625–633, 2005.
Kutlu, M., Öztaş, E., Aydoğan, G., Işıkdağ, İ., Özkay, Y. Bazı 9-Sübstitüe fenantren türevlerinin mutajenik aktivitelerinin/ salmonella / mikrozom testi ile araştirilmasi. Anadolu university journal of science and technology –C. Life Sciences And Biotechnology Cilt/Vol.:1-Sayı/No: 1: 83-94, 2011.
Li, Y., Z.J. Qian, B.M. Ryu, S.H. Lee, M.M. Kim, and S.K. Kim. Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: an edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 17: 1963–1973, 2009.
López A., Rico M., Rivero A., Suárez de Tangil M. The effects of solvents on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Stypocaulon scoparium algae extracts. Food Chemistry, 125: 1104–1109, 2011.
Manivannan, K., Karthikai devi, G., Anantharaman, P., Balasubramanian, T. Antimicrobial potential of selected brown seaweeds from Vedalai coastal waters, Gulf of Mannar. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 114-120, 2011.
Maron, D. R. and Ames, B. N. Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Research, 113: 173-215, 1983.
Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., Rao, A.S., The use of unicellular soil green algae for insecticide bioassay. Journal of Microbiolojical Methods. 10(2): 119-122, 1989.
Merkl, R., Hrádková, I., Filip, V., & Šmidrkal, J. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phenolic acids alkyl esters. Czech Journal of Food Science, 28(4), 275–279, 2010.
Mohsin S., Mahadevan R., Muraleedhara Kurup G. Free-radical-scavenging activity and antioxidant effect of ascophyllanfrom marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 4(1): 75-79, 2013.
Mtolera, M. S. P. and Semesi, A. K., Antimicrobial activity of extraxts from six green algae from Tanzania. In: Cur. Trends Mar. Botanical Research, 211–217, 1996.
Najdenski H. M., Gigova L. G., Iliev I. I., Pilarski P. S., Lukavsky J., Antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected microalgae and cyanobacteria. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48: 1533-1540, 2013.
Oh, K. B., Lee, J. H., Chung, S. C., Kim, H. K., Shin, J., Lee, H. S., Shin, H. J., Antimicrobial activities of the bromophenols from the red alga Odonthalia corymbifera and some synthetic derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Letters 18:104–108, 2008.
Ozcan, T., Akpinar-Bayizit, a., Yilmaz-Ersan, L., & Delikanli, B. Phenolics in Human Health. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 5(5), 393–396, 2014.
Ozdemir G., Horzum Z., Sukatar A., Karabay-Yavasoglu U., Antimicrobial activities of volatile components and various extracts of dictyopteris membranaceae and cystoseira barbata from the Coast of Izmir, Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(3): 183–188, 2006.
Pai, C. A. Foundation of Genetics, A Science for Society. Keyford Press, Singapur, 28- 33, 1985.
Patra, J.K., Patra, A. P., Mahapatra, N. K., Thatoi, H. N., Das, S., Sahu, R. K. and Swain, G. C., Antimicrobia activity of organic solvent extracts of three marine macroalgae from Chilika Lake, Orissa, India. Malasian Journal of Microbiology.5: 128-131, 2009.
Prakash J. W., Antonisamy J. M., Solomon J. Antimicrobial activity of certain fresh water microalgae from Thamirabarani River, Tamil Nadu, South India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S170-S173, 2011.
Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K., & Ran, S. S. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1), S38– S39, 2011.
Rainer-B. Volk, Franz H. Furkert, Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth. Microbiological Research, 161: 180—186, 2006.
Rippka, R., Detruelles J., Waterbury J.B., Herdman, L., Stainer R., (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Journal of Genetics Microbiology, 111: 1-61, 1979.
Rosaline, X. D., Sakthivelkumar, S., Rajendran, K., Janarthanan, S. Screening of selected marine algae from the coastal Tamil Nadu, South India for antibacterial activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S140-S146, 2012.
Salem, W. M., Galal, H. and Nasr El-deen, F. Screening for antibacterial activities in some marinealgae from the red sea (Hurghada, Egypt). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(15): 2160-2167, 2011.
Santoyo, S., Rodri, I., Meizoso, G., Cifuentes, A., Jaime, L., Garcia, G., Reina, B., Ibanez, I. Green processes based on the extraction with pressurized fluids to obtain potent antimicrobials from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. LWT - Food Science and Technology 42: 1213–1218, 2009.
Sasidharan, S., Darah, I., Noordin, M. K. M. J. Ivitro antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and acute oral toxicity of marine algae Gracilaria changii. New Biotechnology. 27 (4): 390-396, 2010.
Shamchi, M., Investigation of bioactive compounds of cyanobacteria and some algal species, Hacettepe University, 2016
Smit, A.J., Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. Journal of Applied Phycology, 16: 245–262, 2004.
Solomon R.D.J and Santhi V.S., Purification of bioactive natural product against human microbial pathogens from marine seaweed Dictyota acutiloba. J. Ag. World Journal of Microbiological Biotechnology, 24: 1747- 1752, 2008.
Stojković D., Petrović J., Soković M., Glamočlija J., Kukić-Marković J., Petrović S.(2013). In situ antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of naturally occurring caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and rutin, using food systems. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 93(13):3205-8, 2013.
Suganthy, N., Arif Nisha, S., Pandian, S. K., Devi, K. P. Evaluation of Gelidiella acerosa, the red algae inhabiting South Indian coastal area for antioxidant and metal chelating potential. Journal of Chemistry,5. 472-478, 2013.
Suhail, S., Biswas, D., Farooqui, A., Arif, J. M., Zeeshan, M. Antibacterial and free radical scavenging potential of some cyanobacterial strains and their growth characteristics. Journal of Chemistry, 3(2):472-478, 2011.
Susilowati, R., Sabdono, A., Widowati, I. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Brown Algae Sargassum spp. from Panjang Island and Their Antibacterial Activities. Procedia Environmental Sciencese, 23: 240 – 246, 2015.
Temizkan, G. Molekuler Genetik. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 35-39, 1996.
Tüney, İ., Adirci, B. H., Ünal, D., Sukatar, A. Antimicrobial Activities of the Extracts of Marine Algae from the Coast of Urla (Üzmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology. 30: 171-175, 2006.
Uma, R., Sivasubramanian, V. ve Devaraj, S. N. Preliminary phycochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial screening of green micro algae, Desmococcus Olivaceous, Chlorococcum humicola and Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Algal Biomass, 2 (3): 74– 81, 2011.
Wei Y.H., C.Y. Pang, The Role of Mitocondria in human aging process. Biotech International, 17: 8-13. Wiese, M., D’Agostino, P.M., Mihali, T. K., Moffitt, M. C. and Neilan, B. A., Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs, Marine Drugs, 8: 2185- 2211,2010.
Yazdani, D., Tan Y. H., Zainal Abidin M., and Jaganath I. A review on bioactive compounds isolated from plants against plant pathogenic fungi. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(30), 6584–6589, 2011.
Yong Song, M., Kwang Ku, S., Soo Han, J. Genotoxicity testing of low molecular weight fucoidan from brown seaweeds. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50: 790–796, 2012.
Zubia, M., Robledo, D., Freile-Pelegrin, Y. Antioxidant activities in tropical marine macroalgae from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19:449– 458, 2007.
