Yeni Nesil Probiyotiklerin Üretim ve Uygulamalarında Karşılaşılan Zorluklar ve Çözüm Yolları
Özet
Yeni nesil sekanslama çalışmaları ve biyoinformatik alanındaki hızlı gelişmeler neticesinde insan bağırsak mikrobiyotası tüm detayları ile ortaya konmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmalar bağırsak kökenli anaerobik kommensallerin sayıca azlığının çeşitli hastalıkların sebebi olabileceğini göstermiştir. Obezite, tip 2 diyabet, Alzheimer, demans, kanser gibi bazı hastalıkların teşhisinin konulduğu kişilerde bu bağırsak kökenli anaerob bakterilerin sağlıklı bireylere göre daha az olduğu görülmüştür. Buradan hareketle konvansiyonel probiyotiklere nazaran hastalıklarla ilişkisi net olarak ortaya konan ve ileride kişiselleştirilmiş tedavilerde kullanılması beklenen bu bakterilerin izole edilmesi, tanımlanması, karakteristiklerinin ortaya konması gerekliliği oluşmuştur. Yeni nesil probiyotikler olarak isimlendirilen bu bağırsak kökenli kommensallerin büyük çoğunluğunun oksijene çok hassas olması bu bakterilerin tıp alanında ilaç ve katkı olarak kullanımının ve gıda sanayiinde formülasyonlara girmesinin önünde en büyük engeldir. Bu çalışmada yeni nesil probiyotiklerin teknolojik olarak rahat kullanımını sağlayacak en son gelişmeler ve yaklaşımlar özetlenmiş ve ilerleyen yıllarda hayatımızın çok önemli bir parçası olması öngörülen bu bakteriler hakkında bir perspektif çizilmiştir.
As a result of new generation sequencing studies and rapid developments in the field of bioinformatics, the human intestinal microbiota has begun to be revealed in full detail. These studies have shown that the low number of intestinal anaerobic commensals may be the cause
of various diseases. It has been observed that these intestinal anaerobic bacteria are less in people diagnosed with certain diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's, dementia and cancer compared to healthy individuals. Based on this, it has become necessary to isolate, identify and reveal the characteristics of these bacteria which have a clear relationship with diseases compared to conventional ones and are expected to be used in personalized treatments in the future. The fact that the majority of these gut-origin commensals, called next generation probiotics, are very sensitive to oxygen is the biggest obstacle to the use of these bacteria as drugs and additives in the medical field and their introduction into formulations in the food industry. In this study, the latest developments and approaches that will enable the technologically convenient use of next generation probiotics are summarized and a perspective is drawn about these bacteria, which are expected to be a very important part of our lives in the coming years.
Referanslar
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Crovesy, L., Gongalves, D. & Trigo, E. L. (2017) Probiotics in allergy treatment: a literature review. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética. 21 (3), 293-299.
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De Filippis, F., Esposito, A. & Ercolini, D. (2022) Outlook on next-generation probiotics from the human gut. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 79 (2), 76.
De Filippis, F., Paparo, L., Nocerino, R., Della Gatta, G., Carucci, L., Russo, R., Pasolli, E., Ercolini, D. & Berni Canani, R. (2021) Specific gut microbiome signatures and the associated pro-inflamatory functions are linked to pediatric allergy and acquisition of immune tolerance. Nature communications. 12 (1), 5958.
De Vos, W. M. & Seegers, J. F. M. L. (2020) Methods for culturing and preserving Eubacterium hallii and treating disease and preparation thereof. In: Google Patents.
Demirci, T. (2023) Yeni Nesil Probiyotikler: Taksonomileri, Güvenlikleri, Uygulamaları ve Potansiyel Sağlık Faydaları. In A. Oraç (Ed.), Gıdanın Geleceği (Vol. 1, pp. 295-323). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Deng, H., Li. Z., Tan, Y., Guo, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Yang, R., Bi, Y., Bai, Y. & Zhi, F. (2016) A novel strain of Bacteroides fragilis enhances phagocytosis and polarises M1 macrophages. Scientific reports. 6 (1), 29401.
Doron, S. & Snydman, D. R. (2015) Risk and safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60 (suppl_2), S129-S134.
Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Harmsen, H. J., Stewart, C. S. & Flint, H. J. (2002) Growth requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. 52 (6), 2141-2146.
Eeckhaut, V., Ducatelle, R., Sas, B., Vermeire, S. & Van Immerseel, F. (2014) Progress towards butyrate-producing pharmabiotics: Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum capsule and efficacy in TNBS models in comparison with therapeutics. Gut. 63 (2), 367-367.
Everard, A., Matamoros, S., Geurts, L., Delzenne, N. M. & Cani, P. D. (2014) Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. MBio. 5 (3), e01011-01014.
Ford, A. C., Quigley, E. M., Lacy, B. E., Lembo, A. J., Saito, Y. A., Schiller, L. R., Soffer, E. E., Spiegel, B. M. & Moayyedi, P. (2014) Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 109 (10), 1547-1561.
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Berni Canini, R., Flint, H. J., Salminen, S., Calder, P. C. & Sanders, M. E. (2014) The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology ve hepatology. 11 (8), 506-514.
Kadooka, Y., Sato, M., Ogawa, A., Miyoshi, M., Uenishi, H., Ogawa, H., Ikuyama, K., Kagoshima, M. & Tsuchida, T. (2013) Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition. 110 (9), 1696-1703.
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