Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömonİ
Özet
Referanslar
American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired,ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:388-416.
Chastre J, Fagon JY. State of the art: ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:867–903.
Leblebicioğlu H, Rosenthal VD, Arıkan ÖA, et al. Device-associated hospital acquired infection rates in Turkish intensive care units. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consotium (INCC). J Hosp Infect. 2007;65:251-257.
Choudhuri AH. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: When to hold the breath? Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2013;3:169–74.
Kollef MH, Silver P, Murphy DM, et al. The effect of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality. Chest. 1995;108:1655–1662.
Coffin SE, Klompas M, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:31-40.
Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:344–53.
Dullenkopf A, Gerber A, Weiss M. Fluid leakage past tracheal tube cuffs: evaluation of the new Microcuff endotracheal tube. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:1849-1853.
Konrad F, Schreiber T, Brecht-Kraus D, et al. Mucociliary transport in ICU patients. Chest. 1994;105:237-241.
Li Bassi G, Zanella A, Cressoni M, et al. Following tracheal intubation, mucus flow is reversed in the semirecumbent position: possible role in the pathogenesis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:518-525.
Prost N, Roux D, Dreyfuss D, et al. Alveolar edema dispersion and alveolar protein permeability during high volume ventilation: effect of positive end-expiratory pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:711-717.
Mietto C, Pinciroli R, Patel N, et al. Ventilator associated pneumonia: evolving definitions and preventive strategies. Respir Care. 2013;58:990–1007.
Feldman C, Kassel M, Cantrell J, et al. The presence and sequence of endotracheal tube colonization in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:546-551.
Hall-Stoodley L, Stoodley P. Evolving concepts in biofilm infections. Cell Microbiol. 2009;11:1034-1043.
Inglis TJ, Millar MR, Jones JG, et al. Tracheal tube biofilm as a source of bacterial colonization of the lung. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:2014-2018.
Hunter JD. Ventilator associated pneumonia. BMJ. 2012;344:e3325.
Rello J, Ausina V, Castella J, et al. Nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. Influence of level of consciousness with implications for therapy. Chest. 1992;102:525–9.
Ewig S, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, et al. Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic and medical head injury. Incidence, risk factors, and association with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:188–98.
Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Coleman ML, et al. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med. 1981;70:677–80.
Grobmyer SR, Maniscalco SP, Purdue GF, et al. Alcohol, drug intoxication, or both at the time of burn injury as a predictor of complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17:532–9.
Chastre J, Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1165–72.
Markowicz P, Wolff M, Djedaïni K, et al. Multicenter prospective study of ventilator-associated pneumonia during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Incidence, prognosis, and risk factors. ARDS Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1942–8.
Rello J, Torres A, Ricart M, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus. Comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1545–9.
Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, van der Geest S, et al. The role of intragastric acidity and stress ulcer prophylaxis on colonization and infection in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. A stratified, randomized, double-blind study of sucralfate versus antacids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1825–34.
Sottile FD, Marrie TJ, Prough DS, et al. Nosocomial pulmonary infection: possible etiologic significance of bacterial adhesion to endotracheal tubes. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:265–70.
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. A comparative analysis of patients with early-onset vs late-onset nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;117:1434–42.
Prat G, Renault A, Tonnelier JM, et al. Influence of the humidification device during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:2211–5.
Kearns PJ, Chin D, Mueller L, et al. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and success in nutrient delivery with gastric versus small intestinal feeding: a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1742–6.
Kostadima E, Kaditis AG, Alexopoulos EI, et al. Early gastrostomy reduces the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in stroke or head injury patients. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:106–11.
Pelosi P, Brazzi L, Gattinoni L. Prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:1017–28.
Panigada M, Berra L, Greco G, et al. Bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract following tracheal intubation-effect of gravity: an experimental study. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:729–37.
Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, et al. Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1132–8.
A'Court CH, Garrard CS, Crook D, et al. Microbiological lung surveillance in mechanically ventilated patients, using non-directed bronchial lavage and quantitative culture. Q J Med. 1993;86:635–48.
Skrupky LP, McConnell K, Dallas J, et al. A comparison of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as identified according to the National Healthcare Safety Network and American College of Chest Physicians criteria. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:281-284.
Fabregas N, Ewig S, Torres A, et al. Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax. 1999;54:867–873.
Luna CM, Blanzaco D, Niederman MS, et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:676–682.
Chollet Martin S, Montravers P, Gibert C, et al. Subpopulation of hyperresponsive polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Role of cytokine production. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:990–996.
Bell RC, Coalson JJ, Smith JD, et al. Multiple organ system failure and infection in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:293–298.
Nseir S, Di Pompeo C, Pronnier P, et al. Nosocomial tracheobronchitis in mechanically ventilated patients: incidence, aetiology and outcome. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:1483–1489.
Butler KL, Sinclair KE, Henderson VJ, et al. The chest radiograph in critically ill surgical patients is inaccurate in predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am Surg. 1999;65:805–810.
Wunderink RG, Woldenberg LS, Zeiss J, et al. The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator associated pneumonia. Chest 1992;101:458–463.
Luna CM, Videla A, Mattera J, et al. Blood cultures have limited value in predicting severity of illness and as a diagnostic tool in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 1999;116:1075–1084.
du Moulin GC, Paterson DG, Hedley-Whyte J, et al. Aspiration of gastric bacteria in antacid-treated patients: a frequent cause of postoperative colonisation of the airway. Lancet. 1982;101:242–245.
Hill JD, Ratliff JL, Parrott JC, et al. Pulmonary pathology in acute respiratory insufficiency: lung biopsy as a diagnostic tool. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg.1976;71:64–71.
Michel F, Franceschini B, Berger P, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for BAL-confirmed ventilator-associated pneumonia: a role for routine endotracheal aspirate cultures. Chest. 2005;127:589–597.
Blot F, Raynard B, Chachaty E, et al. Value of gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1731–1737
Torres A, Ewig S. Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:433–435.
Sterling TR, Ho EJ, Brehm WT, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia—impact on survival. A decision analysis. Chest. 1996;110:1025–1034.
Meduri GU, Mauldin GL, Wunderink RG, et al. Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 1994;106:221–235.
Michaud S, Suzuki S, Harbarth S. Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:1320–1325.
Gallego M, Rello J. Diagnostic testing for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 1999; 20:671–679.
Marquette CH, Copin MC, Wallet F, et al. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1878–1888.
Baker AM, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Decision making in nosocomial pneumonia. An analytic approach to the interpretation of quantitative bronchoscopic cultures. Chest. 1995;107:85–95.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. CID. 2016:63.
Mart in-Loeches I, Deja M, Koulenti D, et al. Potentially resistant microorganisms in intubated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: the interaction of ecology, shock and risk factors. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:672–681.
Pasquale TR, Jabrocki B, Salstrom SJ, et al. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of late-onset nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care patients in the USA. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:398–403.
Dimopoulos G, Poulakou G, Pneumatikos IA, et al. Short- versus long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2013;144:1759–1767.
Swoboda SM, Dixon T, Lipsett PA. Can the clinical pulmonary infection scorenimpact ICU antibiotic days? Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006;7:331–339.
Morris AC, Hay AW, Swann DG et al. Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care: impact of implementing a care bundle. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2218–24.
Rello J, Alfonso E, Lisboa T, et al. A care bundle approach for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:363–9.
Gunasekera P, Gratrix A. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. BJA Education. 2016;16:198–202.
Nseir S, Zerimech F, Fournier C, et al. Continuous control of tracheal cuff pressure and microaspiration of gastric contents in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:1041–7.
Muscedere J, Rewa O, McKechnie K, et al. Subglottic secretion drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1985–91.
Coppadoro A, Bittner E, Berra L. Novel preventive strategies for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care. 2012;16:210.
Kollef MH, Afessa B, Anzueto A, et al. Silver-coated endotracheal tubes and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: the NASCENT randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2008;300:805–13.
Adair CG, Gorman SP, Byers LM, et al. Eradication of endotracheal tube biofilm by nebulised gentamicin. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:426–31.
Delaney A, Gray H, Laupland KB, et al. Kinetic bed therapy to prevent nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2006;10:R70.
Liu K, Zhu Y, Zhang J, et al. Probiotics’ effects on the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16:R109.