Yaşlı Sağlığı Turizmi
Özet
Küresel nüfusun yaş yapısında benzersiz değişiklikler yaşanmakta, yaşlı nüfus hızla artırmaktadır. Bu demografik dönüşüm sağlık, emeklilik ve bakım sektörlerinde çeşitli zorluklarla birlikte, pek çok fırsatı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Sağlık turizmi, bu fırsatlardan yararlanma ve yaşlıların özelleşmiş tedavilere, rehabilitasyona ve bakıma erişme imkanını artırma açısından kilit bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca, sağlıklı yaşlanma giderek daha fazla vurgulanmakta, bu da "geriatrik turizm" gibi yeni turizm türlerinin yükselişini tetiklemektedir. Bu makalede ilk olarak yaşlanmanın bakım sistemlerine etkisinden bahsedilecek, ardından sağlık turizminin özellikle spa-wellness ve bakım turizmi ile yaşlılara sunduğu fırsatlar ele alınacaktır. Son olarak sağlık turizmi destinasyonlarını yaşlılar için cazip hale getiren faktörlere değinilecektir.
Referanslar
Ak, M. (2016). Yaşlılık Olgusu Üzerine Uygulamalı bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(42), 1019–1028.
Aysan, M. F. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü ve Yeni Meydan Okumalar. In L. Sunar (Ed.), Türkiye’de Toplumsal Yapı ve Değişim (4th ed.). Nobel.
Aysan, Ü. (2016). Yaşlılık ve Toplumsal Değişim. Toplumsal Değişim Sempozyumu, 397–410.
Barber, S. L., Gool, K. van, Wise, S., Woods, M., Or, Z., & Penneau, A. (2021). Pricing Long-term Care for Older Persons. In Pricing Long-term Care for Older Persons. WHO. https://doi.org/10.1787/a25246a6-en
Bayın, G. (2016). Doğuşta ve ileri yaşta beklenen yaşam sürelerine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Türk Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 20(3), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.15511/tahd.16.21693
Boekstein, M. (2014). From illness to wellness-has thermal spring health tourism reached a new turning point? African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(2), 1–11.
Bölüktaş, R. P. (2020). Türkiye’nin Yaşlı Sağlığı Turizmi İçin Fırsatları. Çekmece İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(16), 1–15.
Bookman, A., & Kimbrel, D. (2011). Families and elder care in the twenty-first century. Work and Family, 21(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2011.0018
Bostan, H., & Sertkaya Doğan, Ö. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demografi̇k Dönüşümü ve Nüfus Projeksi̇yonlarina Göre Firsatlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 24(41), 61–90. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.535018
Bulduk, S., Çetin, H., & Usta, E. (2015). Is Individual-Centered Approach Possible in Elderly Emergency Care? Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 1(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5222/jaren.2015.045
Büyük, Ö., & Akkuş, G. (2022). Geriatrik- Turizmin Üçüncü Yaş Turizminden Ayrılan Yönleri ve Fizik Tedavi Rehabilitasyon ve Termal Tedavilerle İlişkisi. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 5(2), 112–131.
Conrad, P. (1994). Wellness as virtue: Morality and the pursuit of health. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18(3), 385–401.
Cremer, H., Lozachmeur, J. M., & Pestieau, P. (2016). The design of long term care insurance contracts. Journal of Health Economics, 50, 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.08.008
De Vries, B. (2021). Granny-Export? The Morality of Sending People to Care Homes Abroad. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 18(3), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10118-y
De Vries, B. (2021). Should higher-income countries pay their citizens to move to foreign care homes? Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(10), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106380
Eurostat. (2023a). Life expectancy at birth down to 80.1 years in 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230316-1#:~:text=In 2021%2C the life expectancy,the EU was 80.1 years.
Eurostat. (2023b). Population structure and ageing. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing&oldid=584064#The_share_of_elderly_people_continues_to_increase
Fact.MR. (2023). Wellness Tourism Market. https://www.factmr.com/report/342/wellness-tourism-market
Garcia, L. J., Jutai, J. W., & Bélanger-Hardy, L. (2022). Introduction: Autonomy in Older Adults: Offering Choice through Human and Technological. In L. J. Garcia, L. Bélanger-Hardy, J. W. Jutai, & M. Łuszczyńska (Eds.), Well-Being in Later Life: The Notion of Connected Autonomy. Taylor & Francis.
Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science, 346(6209), 587–591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254405
Hill, A. (2020). Families sending relatives with dementia to Thailand for care. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/12/families-sending-relatives-with-dementia-to-thailand-for-care
Jaul, E., & Barron, J. (2017). Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the 85 Years Old and Over Population. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(December), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335
Kirk, D. (1996). Demographic transition theory. Population Studies, 50(3), 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000149536
Koskinen, V. (2019). Spa tourism as a part of ageing well. International Journal of Spa and Wellness, 2(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/24721735.2019.1668673
Lee, C. F., & King, B. (2019). Determinants of attractiveness for a seniors-friendly destination: a hierarchical approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(1), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1250725
Moloğlu, V. (2015). Yükselen Bir Değer Olan Medikal Turizmin Türkiye Ekonomisine Katkısı. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 673–680.
Nimrod, G. (2007). Retirees’ leisure: Activities, benefits, and their contribution to life satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 26(1), 65–80.
Notestein, F. W. (1945). Population the long view. In T. Schultz (Ed.), Food for the World (pp. 36–57). Chicago University Press.
O’Neill, A. (2023). Canada: Age distribution from 2011 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266540/age-distribution-in-canada/
OECD. (2020). Affordability of long-term care services among older people in the OECD and the EU. In Focus On.
OECD. (2021). Health at a Glance 2021. In Health at a Glance 2021 (Health at a Glance). OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. (2022). Healthy ageing: applying all our health. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-ageing/healthy-ageing-applying-all-our-health
Osadchuk, M. A., Trushin, M. V, Solodenkova, K. S., & Kireeva, N. (2021). Geriatric Problems in Medical Tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(8). https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6661
Ökem, Z. G., & Çelik, H. (2019). Türkiye Hizmet İhracatında Yeni Hedefler: Yaşlı Bakım turizmi. TUSİAD, 48–52. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/10695-turkiye-hizmet-i-hracatinda-yeni-hedefler-yasli-bakim-turizmi
Özsari, S. H., & Karatana, O. (2013). Health Tourism Situation of Turkey. The Journal of Kartal Training and Research Hospital, 24(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.5505/jkartaltr.2013.69335
Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2004.12.002
Pratt, G., & Johnston, C. (2022). Dementia Care for Europeans in Thailand: A Geography of Futures. American Behavioral Scientist, 66(14), 1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221075263
Scales, K. (2021). It Is Time to Resolve the Direct Care Workforce Crisis in Long-Term Care. Gerontologist, 61(4), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa116
Schwiter, K., Brütsch, J., & Pratt, G. (2020). Sending Granny to Chiang Mai: debating global outsourcing of care for the elderly. Global Networks, 20(1), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12231
Stephano, R.-M. (2017). Medical Tourism: Healthcare Solution to Age-Old Conditions. Medical Tourism Magazine. https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/medical-tourism-healthcare-solution-to-senior-care
The Guardian. (2023). It is not medical tourism, it is desperation. Rising number of Britons resort to treatment abroad. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jan/21/not-medical-tourism-desperation-britons-resort-treatment-abroad
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. (2020). World population ageing 2020 Highlights : living arrangements of older persons.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022. In United Nation (Issue 9). www.un.org/development/ desa/pd/.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). World Social Report 2020. In World Social Report 2020. https://doi.org/10.18356/7f5d0efc-en
US Census Bureau. (2023). U.S. Older Population Grew From 2010 to 2020 at Fastest Rate Since 1880 to 1890. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/05/2020-census-united-states-older-population-grew.html
US Department of Health and Services. (2023). Healthy Aging. https://health.gov/our-work/national-health-initiatives/healthy-aging
WHO. (2016). Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. Who, 64. https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/global_strategy_workforce2030_14_print.pdf?ua=1
WHO. (2023a). Life expectancy at birth (years). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years)
WHO. (2023b). National programmes for age-friendly cities and communities A guide.
Williams, G. A., Cylus, J., Roubal, T., Ong, P., & Barber, S. (2019). Sustainable health financing with an ageing population: will population ageing lead to uncontrolled health expenditure growth? In Sustainable health financing with an ageing population: Will population ageing lead to uncontrolled health expenditure growth? (2019). https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lhh&AN=20203177975&site=ehost-live&scope=site%0Ahttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329382/19978073-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y%0Aemail: po
Yalçın, B. (2018). Deniz Suyunun Spa-Wellness Turizmi Kapsamında Kullanımı. 4 . Ulusal Deniz Turizmi Sempozyumu, February. https://doi.org/10.18872/0.2018.109
Referanslar
Ak, M. (2016). Yaşlılık Olgusu Üzerine Uygulamalı bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(42), 1019–1028.
Aysan, M. F. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü ve Yeni Meydan Okumalar. In L. Sunar (Ed.), Türkiye’de Toplumsal Yapı ve Değişim (4th ed.). Nobel.
Aysan, Ü. (2016). Yaşlılık ve Toplumsal Değişim. Toplumsal Değişim Sempozyumu, 397–410.
Barber, S. L., Gool, K. van, Wise, S., Woods, M., Or, Z., & Penneau, A. (2021). Pricing Long-term Care for Older Persons. In Pricing Long-term Care for Older Persons. WHO. https://doi.org/10.1787/a25246a6-en
Bayın, G. (2016). Doğuşta ve ileri yaşta beklenen yaşam sürelerine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Türk Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 20(3), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.15511/tahd.16.21693
Boekstein, M. (2014). From illness to wellness-has thermal spring health tourism reached a new turning point? African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(2), 1–11.
Bölüktaş, R. P. (2020). Türkiye’nin Yaşlı Sağlığı Turizmi İçin Fırsatları. Çekmece İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(16), 1–15.
Bookman, A., & Kimbrel, D. (2011). Families and elder care in the twenty-first century. Work and Family, 21(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2011.0018
Bostan, H., & Sertkaya Doğan, Ö. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demografi̇k Dönüşümü ve Nüfus Projeksi̇yonlarina Göre Firsatlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 24(41), 61–90. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.535018
Bulduk, S., Çetin, H., & Usta, E. (2015). Is Individual-Centered Approach Possible in Elderly Emergency Care? Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 1(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5222/jaren.2015.045
Büyük, Ö., & Akkuş, G. (2022). Geriatrik- Turizmin Üçüncü Yaş Turizminden Ayrılan Yönleri ve Fizik Tedavi Rehabilitasyon ve Termal Tedavilerle İlişkisi. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 5(2), 112–131.
Conrad, P. (1994). Wellness as virtue: Morality and the pursuit of health. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18(3), 385–401.
Cremer, H., Lozachmeur, J. M., & Pestieau, P. (2016). The design of long term care insurance contracts. Journal of Health Economics, 50, 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.08.008
De Vries, B. (2021). Granny-Export? The Morality of Sending People to Care Homes Abroad. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 18(3), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10118-y
De Vries, B. (2021). Should higher-income countries pay their citizens to move to foreign care homes? Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(10), 684–688. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106380
Eurostat. (2023a). Life expectancy at birth down to 80.1 years in 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230316-1#:~:text=In 2021%2C the life expectancy,the EU was 80.1 years.
Eurostat. (2023b). Population structure and ageing. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing&oldid=584064#The_share_of_elderly_people_continues_to_increase
Fact.MR. (2023). Wellness Tourism Market. https://www.factmr.com/report/342/wellness-tourism-market
Garcia, L. J., Jutai, J. W., & Bélanger-Hardy, L. (2022). Introduction: Autonomy in Older Adults: Offering Choice through Human and Technological. In L. J. Garcia, L. Bélanger-Hardy, J. W. Jutai, & M. Łuszczyńska (Eds.), Well-Being in Later Life: The Notion of Connected Autonomy. Taylor & Francis.
Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science, 346(6209), 587–591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254405
Hill, A. (2020). Families sending relatives with dementia to Thailand for care. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/12/families-sending-relatives-with-dementia-to-thailand-for-care
Jaul, E., & Barron, J. (2017). Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the 85 Years Old and Over Population. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(December), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335
Kirk, D. (1996). Demographic transition theory. Population Studies, 50(3), 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000149536
Koskinen, V. (2019). Spa tourism as a part of ageing well. International Journal of Spa and Wellness, 2(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/24721735.2019.1668673
Lee, C. F., & King, B. (2019). Determinants of attractiveness for a seniors-friendly destination: a hierarchical approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(1), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1250725
Moloğlu, V. (2015). Yükselen Bir Değer Olan Medikal Turizmin Türkiye Ekonomisine Katkısı. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 673–680.
Nimrod, G. (2007). Retirees’ leisure: Activities, benefits, and their contribution to life satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 26(1), 65–80.
Notestein, F. W. (1945). Population the long view. In T. Schultz (Ed.), Food for the World (pp. 36–57). Chicago University Press.
O’Neill, A. (2023). Canada: Age distribution from 2011 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266540/age-distribution-in-canada/
OECD. (2020). Affordability of long-term care services among older people in the OECD and the EU. In Focus On.
OECD. (2021). Health at a Glance 2021. In Health at a Glance 2021 (Health at a Glance). OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. (2022). Healthy ageing: applying all our health. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-ageing/healthy-ageing-applying-all-our-health
Osadchuk, M. A., Trushin, M. V, Solodenkova, K. S., & Kireeva, N. (2021). Geriatric Problems in Medical Tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(8). https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6661
Ökem, Z. G., & Çelik, H. (2019). Türkiye Hizmet İhracatında Yeni Hedefler: Yaşlı Bakım turizmi. TUSİAD, 48–52. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/10695-turkiye-hizmet-i-hracatinda-yeni-hedefler-yasli-bakim-turizmi
Özsari, S. H., & Karatana, O. (2013). Health Tourism Situation of Turkey. The Journal of Kartal Training and Research Hospital, 24(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.5505/jkartaltr.2013.69335
Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2004.12.002
Pratt, G., & Johnston, C. (2022). Dementia Care for Europeans in Thailand: A Geography of Futures. American Behavioral Scientist, 66(14), 1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221075263
Scales, K. (2021). It Is Time to Resolve the Direct Care Workforce Crisis in Long-Term Care. Gerontologist, 61(4), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa116
Schwiter, K., Brütsch, J., & Pratt, G. (2020). Sending Granny to Chiang Mai: debating global outsourcing of care for the elderly. Global Networks, 20(1), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12231
Stephano, R.-M. (2017). Medical Tourism: Healthcare Solution to Age-Old Conditions. Medical Tourism Magazine. https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/medical-tourism-healthcare-solution-to-senior-care
The Guardian. (2023). It is not medical tourism, it is desperation. Rising number of Britons resort to treatment abroad. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jan/21/not-medical-tourism-desperation-britons-resort-treatment-abroad
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. (2020). World population ageing 2020 Highlights : living arrangements of older persons.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022. In United Nation (Issue 9). www.un.org/development/ desa/pd/.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). World Social Report 2020. In World Social Report 2020. https://doi.org/10.18356/7f5d0efc-en
US Census Bureau. (2023). U.S. Older Population Grew From 2010 to 2020 at Fastest Rate Since 1880 to 1890. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/05/2020-census-united-states-older-population-grew.html
US Department of Health and Services. (2023). Healthy Aging. https://health.gov/our-work/national-health-initiatives/healthy-aging
WHO. (2016). Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. Who, 64. https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/global_strategy_workforce2030_14_print.pdf?ua=1
WHO. (2023a). Life expectancy at birth (years). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-(years)
WHO. (2023b). National programmes for age-friendly cities and communities A guide.
Williams, G. A., Cylus, J., Roubal, T., Ong, P., & Barber, S. (2019). Sustainable health financing with an ageing population: will population ageing lead to uncontrolled health expenditure growth? In Sustainable health financing with an ageing population: Will population ageing lead to uncontrolled health expenditure growth? (2019). https://auth.lib.unc.edu/ezproxy_auth.php?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lhh&AN=20203177975&site=ehost-live&scope=site%0Ahttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329382/19978073-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y%0Aemail: po
Yalçın, B. (2018). Deniz Suyunun Spa-Wellness Turizmi Kapsamında Kullanımı. 4 . Ulusal Deniz Turizmi Sempozyumu, February. https://doi.org/10.18872/0.2018.109
