Kariyer Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı Kuramları
Özet
Kişilerin yalnızca bir meslek edinmeleri ve bir işe yerleşmelerinin ötesinde, ilgi, beceri ve değerleriyle uyumlu; yaşamlarına anlam ve amaç katan bir meslek edinmeleri ve bu doğrultuda bir iş ortamında yer almaları, ruh sağlığı açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu durum, sürecin yalnızca meslek seçme ve işe yerleşmeden ibaret olmadığını, aksine yaşam boyu süren bir kariyer gelişimi süreci olduğunu ortaya koymuş ve böylece kariyer gelişimi ve danışmanlığı kuramlarının şekillenmesini sağlamıştır. Bu doğrultuda, bu bölümde öncelikle bireyi tanımada öne çıkan faktörler (örn. yetenekler, beceriler, kişilik, değerler, mesleki ilgiler, özdeğerlendirmeler) ve meslekleri tanımaya yönelik kaynaklar (örn., ISCO, O*NET meslek veri tabanı, Holland’ın mesleki ortamları, Gottfredson’un mesleki yetenek haritası) ele alınmıştır. Ardından, kariyer gelişimi sürecine ve kariyer danışmanlığına ilişkin açıklamalar getiren kuramlar ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, geleneksel kuramlardan (örn., kişi-çevre uyumu kuramları) gelişimsel kuramlara (örn., Super’in Yaşam Boyu Yaşam Alanı Kuramı), modern kuramlardan (örn., Sosyal Bilişsel Kariyer Kuramı) postmodern kuramlara (örn., Kariyer Yapılandırma Kuramı, Çalışma Psikolojisi Kuramı) uzanan bir çerçeve sunulmuştur. Bütüncül bir şekilde değerlendirildiğinde, kuramların birbirleri üzerine inşa olarak geliştiği ve birbirlerini tamamladıkları görülmektedir. Örneğin, gelişimsel kuramlar meslek seçimini tek seferlik bir olay olmaktan çıkararak kariyer gelişimine vurgu yaparken; modern kuramlar bilişsel faktörleri ve öğrenme süreçlerini kariyer gelişimi alanına entegre etmiştir. Benzer şekilde, postmodern kuramlar 21. yüzyıldaki belirsizlik, güvensizlik ve değişkenlik gibi olgulara odaklanarak içinde bulunulan çağın gerekliliklerine yanıt vermektedir. Böylece, kariyer gelişimi yalnızca bireysel bir süreç olarak değil, aynı zamanda değişen toplumsal, ekonomik ve kültürel koşullara uyum sağlayan, yaşam boyu süren dinamik bir süreç olarak öne çıkmaktadır.
Referanslar
Ackerman, P. L. (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22(2), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(96)90016-1
Ackerman, P. L. (2003). Aptitude complexes and trait complexes. Educational Psychologist, 38(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3802_3
Ackerman, P. L. ve Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219
Ackerman, P. L. ve Rolfhus, E. L. (1999). The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities, and nonability traits. Psychology and Aging, 14(2), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.314
Açıkgöz, Y. ve Toker, Y. (2019). Integrating occupational complexity levels to interest assessments in social and enterprising areas: Development of the Vertical Social Interest Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(1), 61–77. Doi: 10.1177/1069072717748633
Arthur, N. ve Collins, S. (2004). Culture-infused counselling: Celebrating the Canadian mosaic. Detselig.
Arthur, N. ve McMahon, M. (2005). Multicultural career counseling: Theoretical applications of the Systems Theory Framework. The Career Development Quarterly, 53, 208-222.
Autin, K. L., Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Gensmer, N. P., Douglass, R. P., England, J. W. ve Allan, B. A. (2019). The development and initial validation of the Work Needs Satisfaction Scale: Measuring basic needs within the Psychology of Working Theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(2), 195-209.https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000323
Balkıs, M. (2004). An adaptation study of the self-directed search in Turkish culture. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi), 17, 54-63.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs.
Bandura, A. (1985). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bell N. L., Matthews T. D., Lassiter K. S. ve Leverett J. P. (2002). Validity of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a measure of fluid or crystallized intelligence: Implications for career assessment. North American Journal of Psychology, 4, 113–120.
Betz, N. E. (2000). Self-Efficacy Theory as a Basis for Career Assessment. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270000800301
Blustein, D. L. (2013). The psychology of working: A new perspective for a new era. D. L. Blustein (Ed.) ,The Oxford handbook of the psychology of working içinde (s. 3-18). Oxford University Press.
Blustein, D. L. (2006). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling and public policy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Blustein, D. L., Kenny, M. E., Autin, K. ve Duffy, R. (2019). The psychology of working in practice: A theory of change for a new era. The Career Development Quarterly, 67(3), 236-254. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12193
Bridgstock, R. (2007). Development of a brief measure of Career Development Influences Based on the Systems Theory Framework. Australian Journal of Career Development, 16, 19 - 30. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620701600305.
Büyükgöze Kavas, A. ve Kirazcı, F. (2023). Çalışma Psikolojisi Kuramı. N. Karacan Özdemir (Ed.) Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığında Kuramlar içinde (s. 239-259). Nobel Yayıncılık.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511571312
Cook, S. L. (2015). Redirection: An extension of career during retirement. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 360-373.
Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press
Demirel, N. (2023). Meslek seçiminde kullanılan ölçme değerlendirme araçları ve İŞKUR. Uzmanlık Tezi. T.C. Çalişma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Türkiye İş Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü. https://media.iskur.gov.tr/91607/nermin-demirel.pdf
Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A. ve Autin, K. L. (2016). The psychology of working theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000140
French, J., Rodgers, W. ve Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person–environment fit. In G. Coelho, D. Hamburg ve J. Adams (Ed.), Coping and adaptation içinde (s. 316–333). Basic Books.
Gardner, H., (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple İntelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gottfredson, L. S. (1986). Occupational Aptitude Patterns Map: Development and implications for a theory of job aptitude requirements. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(2), 254–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(86)90008-4
Gottfredson, G. D. ve Holland, J. L. (1996). Dictionary of Holland occupational codes (3. baskı). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hasret, Y. (2024). Psikoeğitiminin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kariyer Uyumuna, Çalışma İradesine ve Gelecekteki İnsana Yakışır İş Algısına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Denizli.
Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6(1), 35–45.
Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3. baskı). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Karacan-Ozdemir, N., & Çohadar, E. (2021). Kariyer yapılandırma kuramı. Ö. Ulaş (Ed.) Vaka örnekleriyle desteklenmiş kariyer psikolojik danışması kuramları içinde (s. 199-223). Nobel Yayıncılık.
Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of individual's fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 281–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00672.x
Kuzgun, Y. (2000). Meslek danışmanlığı kuramlar ve uygulamalar. Nobel Yayıncılık.
Kuzgun, Y. (2011). Meslek rehberliği ve danışmanlığı. Nobel Yayıncılık.
Lent, R. W. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. Career choice and development. Jossey-Bass.
Lent, R. W. (2013). Career‐life preparedness: Revisiting career planning and adjustment in the new workplace. The Career Development Quarterly, 61(1), 2-14.
Lent, R. W. ve Brown, S. D. (1996). Social cognitive approach to career development: An overview. The Career Development Quarterly, 44(4), 310-321.
Lent, R. W. ve Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557.
Lent, R., Brown, S. ve Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and academic ınterest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/JVBE.1994.1027.
Lent, R. W., Ireland, G. W., Penn, L. T., Morris, T. R., & Sappington, R. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.002
Lindley, L. D., & Borgen, F. H. (2002). Generalized self-efficacy, Holland theme self-efficacy, and academic performance. Journal of Career Assessment, 10(3), 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/10672702010003002
Maree, J. G. (2014). Career construction with a gay client: A case study. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 42(4), 436-449.
McCrae, R.R. ve Costa, P.T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.81. PMID: 3820081.
McMahon, M. (2011). The systems theory framework of career development. Journal of Employment Counseling, 48(4), 170-172.
McMahon, M. ve Patton, W. (1995). Development of a systems theory of career development. Australian Journal of Career Development, 4, 15-20.
McMahon, M., Watson, M. ve Patton, W. (2015). The systems theory framework of career development: Applications to career counselling and career assessment. Australian Journal of Career Development, 24, 148–156.
Morgeson, F. P., Brannick, M. T. ve Levine, E. L. (2020). Job and work analysis: Methods, research, and applications for human resource management (3. baskı). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J. ve Drasgow, F. (2017). Interest congruence and performance: Revisiting recent meta-analytic findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.11.002
O'Brien, K. M. ve Heppner, M. J. (1996). Applying social cognitive career theory to training career counselors. The Career Development Quarterly, 44(4), 367-377.
Özdemir, N. K. (2018). Kariyer yapılandırma görüşmesi: Nitel bir değerlendirme aracı ve kariyer danışma yöntemi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(6), 1071-1081.
Özdemir, N. K., & Karaçay, G. (2021). Kariyer Yapılandırma Görüşmesi ile Anlam Oluşturma: Bir Vaka Çalışması. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 11(3), 486-495.
Özyürek, R., Vardarlı, B., & Tracey, T. (2020). Kişisel Küre Envanteri - Kısa Form - Türkçe El Kitabı. Ankara: PEGEM.
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vacation. Houghton Mifflin.
Patton, W. (2007). Connecting relational theory and the systems theory framework: Individuals and their systems. Australian Journal of Career Development, 16(3), 38–46.
Patton, W. ve McMahon, M. (1999). Career development and systems theory: A new relationship. Brooks/Cole.
Pişkin, M. (2021). Kariyer gelişim sürecini etkileyen faktörler. B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Mesleki rehberlik ve kariyer danışmanlığı: Kuramdan uygulamaya içinde (s. 44-75). Pegem Akademi.
Prediger, D. J. (2004). Career planning validity of self-Estimates and test estimates of work-relevant abilities. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(3), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2004.tb00642.x
Rudolph, C., Zacher, H. ve Hirschi, A. (2019). Empirical developments in career construction theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 111. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVB.2018.12.003.
Savickas, M. L. (2005). Toward a comprehensive theory of career development: Dispositions, concerns, and narratives. Contemporary models in vocational psychology içinde (s. 303-328). Routledge.
Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work, 2, 144-180.
Savickas, M. L. (2015). Career counseling paradigms: Guiding, developing, and designing. P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & W. B. Walsh (Ed.), APA handbook of career intervention, Vol. 1. Foundations içinde (s. 129–143). American Psychological Association Press.
https://doi.org/10.1037/14438-008
Savickas, M. L. ve Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
Sharf, R. S. (2002). Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling (3. baskı). Newyork: Brooks/Cole.
Spokane, A. R., & Holland, J. L. (1995). The Self-Directed Search: A family of self-guided career interventions. Journal of Career Assessment, 3(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279500300409
Spokane, A. R., Meir, E. I., & Catalano, M. (2000). Person-environment congruence and Holland's theory: A review and reconsideration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(2), 137–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1771
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Beyond g: The theory of successful intelligence. R. J. Sternberg & E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? içinde (s. 447–479). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Super, D. E. (1957). The psychology of careers. Harper & Row.
Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282-298.
Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. D. Brown, L. Brooks, ve Associates (Ed.), Career choice development içinde (2.baskı., s. 197–261). Jossey-Bass.
Super, D. E., Osborne, W. L., Walsh, D. J., Brown, S. D., & Niles, S. G. (1992). Developmental career assessment and counseling: The C‐DAC model. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(1), 74-80.
Super, D. E., & Overstreet, P. L. (1960). The vocational maturity of ninth-grade boys. Teachers College Press.
Super, D. E., Savickas, M. L. ve Super, C. M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development ( 3. baskı, s. 121–178). Jossey-Bass.
Toker, Y. (2010). Cognitive and non-cognitive correlates of the science-math trait complex: Searching for personality correlated and revisiting vocational interests. Doctoral Dissertation: Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology.
Toker, Y., & Ackerman, P. L. (2012). Utilizing occupational complexity levels in vocational interest assessments: Assessing interests for STEM areas. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 524544. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.001
Toker, Y. ve Gültaş, M. (2019). STEM Interest Complexity Inventory Sort Form with IRT and DIF applications. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(1), 78–96. Doi: 10.1177/1069072717748645
Toker-Gültaş, Y., Çetinbinici, A., & Açıkgöz, Y. (2025 online first). Am I fit for a complex social/enterprising occupation? People/data complexity assessments. Journal of Career Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727251363578
Tracey, T. J. G. (2002). Personal globe inventory: measurement of the spherical model of interests and competence beliefs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 113–172. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1817
Tracey, T. J. G., & Robbins, S. B. (2006). The interest-major congruence and college success relation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 64–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.11.003
US Department of Labor. (1991). Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) (Revised 4th Edition). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Van Iddekinge, C. H., Roth, P. L., Putka, D. J., & Lanivich, S. E. (2011). Are you interested? A meta-analysis of relations between vocational interests and employee performance and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1167–1194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024343
Yılmaz, O. (2011). Mesleki İlgi Envanteri'nin Geliştirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara.
