Ameliyat Sonrası İyileşmenin Hızlandırılması İçin Modern Teknikler
Özet
ERAS postoperatif organ disfonksiyonunu minimalize etmek ve hastayı mümkün olduğu kadar erken normale döndürmek amacıyla oluşturulmuş multidisipliner, multimodal bir programdır. Bu protokol birçok farklı ögeden oluşur. Hastanın perioperatif sürecini yönetirken klasik ve dogmalara dayanan tedavilerden radikal bir değişimle modern konseptlere değişimi öngörür. Temel felsefesi cerrahi travmadan kaynaklanan metabolik stresi azaltmak ve komplikasyona yol açmadan mobilizasyonu ve gastrointestinal fonksiyonları desteklemektir. ERAS ögeleri hastanın poliklinikte başlayıp, evde sonlanan perioperatif sürecinin tamamını etkileyerek erken derlenmeyi sağlamayı amaçlar. Büyük ameliyatlardan sonra konvansiyonel bakım ile ERAS programlarını karşılaştıran pek çok çalışmada erken derlenme ve taburculuk lehine sonuçlar elde edildi.
Enhanced recovery is a multimodal programme of multidisciplinary care designed to minimise post-operative organ dysfunction and return the patient to normality as soon as possible. The ERAS protocol composes of a lot of different interventions. This process is initially thought to be a radical move away from tradition and dogma to a fundamental change in the perioperative managements of patients and struggled to gain wider acceptance. The main philosophy of the ERAS protocol is to reduce the metabolic stress caused by surgical trauma and at the same time support the gastrointestinal functions and mobilization without complication. The key elements of the ERAS pathways are aimed to address these issues and the interventions that facilitate early recovery cover all phases of the perioperative period during the patients’ journey. Several studies have demonstrated that the ERAS programmes compared with traditional perioperative care is associated with earlier recovery and discharge after major operations.
Referanslar
Engelman RM, Rousou JA, Flack JE, et al. Fast-track recovery of the coronary bypass patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58(6):1742-1746. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(94)91674-8
Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:606-617. doi:10.1093/bja/78.5.606
Kehlet H. Acute pain control and accelerated postoperative surgical recovery. Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79(2):431-443. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70390-X
Kehlet H, Mogensen T. Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy with a multimodal rehabilitation programme. Br J Surg. 1999;86:227-230. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.01023.x
Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M, Al E. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr. 2005;24:466-477.
Ljungqvist O, Scott M, KC F. Enhanced recovery after surgery: A review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:292-298. doi:10.1007/s12630-014-0277-8
Ersoy E, Gündoǧdu H. Enhanced recovery after surgery. Turkish J Surg. 2007;23(1):35-40.
Scott MJ, Baldini G, Fearon KCH, et al. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 1: Pathophysiological considerations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(10):1212-1231. doi:10.1111/aas.12601
Feldheiser A, Aziz O, Baldini G, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: Consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(3):289-334. doi:10.1111/aas.12651
Li C, Carli F, Lee L, et al. Impact of a trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectalcancer surgery: A pilot study. Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech. 2013;27(4):1072-1082. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2560-5
Levett DZH, Jack S, Swart M, et al. Perioperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET): consensus clinical guidelines on indications, organization, conduct, and physiological interpretation. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(3):484-500. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.020
Gillis C, Ljungqvist O, Carli F. Prehabilitation, enhanced recovery after surgery, or both? A narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128(3):434-448. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2021.12.007
Munafò MR, Stevenson J. Anxiety and surgical recovery: Reinterpreting the literature. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51(4):589-596. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00258-6
Pearse RM, Rhodes A, Moreno R, et al. EuSOS: European surgical outcomes study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(6):454-462. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328344907b
Mueller MM, Van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, et al. Patient Blood Management: Recommendations from the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference. In: JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol 321. ; 2019:983-997. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0554
Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2898-2913. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005
Awad S, Tan BH, Cui H, et al. Marked changes in body composition following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophagogastric cancer. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(1):74-77. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.008
Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(4):415-421. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(03)00098-0
Martindale RG, McClave SA, Taylor B, Lawson CM. Perioperative Nutrition: What Is the Current Landscape? J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2013;37(Suppl 1):S5-20. doi:10.1177/0148607113496821
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4745-4761. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.031
Heyland DK, Montalvo M, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Su XY, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg J Can Chir. 2001;44(2):102-111.
Valentijn TM, Galal W, Tjeertes EKM, Hoeks SE, Verhagen HJ, Stolker RJ. The obesity paradox in the surgical population. Surgeon. 2013;11(3):169-173. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.003
Brady MC, Kinn S, Stuart P, Ness V. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2010(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004423
Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: Guidelines from the european society of anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(8):556-569. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e-3283495ba1
Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containingClear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration - A Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthes. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(2):132-151. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004381
Ljungqvist O, Søreide E. Preoperative fasting. Br J Surg. 2003;90(4):400-406. doi:10.1002/bjs.4066
Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence- based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 SUPPL.):e326S-e350S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2298
Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Heal Pharm. 2013;70(3):195-283. doi:10.2146/ajhp120568
Shapira Z, Feldman L, Lavy R, Weissgarten J, Haitov Z, Halevy A. Bowel preparation: Comparing metabolic and electrolyte changes when using sodium phosphate/ polyethylene glycol. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):356-358. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.009
Guenaga K, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7(9):CD001544. doi:10.1002/14651858. CD001544.pub3
Yost MT, Jolissaint JS, Fields AC, Whang EE. Mechanical and Oral Antibiotic Bowel Preparation in the Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Enhanced Recovery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2018;28(5):491-495. doi:10.1089/lap.2018.0072
Battersby CLF, Battersby NJ, Slade DAJ, Soop M, Walsh CJ. Preoperative mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation to reduce infectious complications of colorectal surgery – the need for updated guidelines. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(3):295-299. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.12.010
Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: A meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):990-999. doi:10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990
Corcoran T, Emma Joy Rhodes J, Clarke S, Myles PS, Ho KM. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: A stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(3):440-451. doi:10.1213/ANE. 0b013e318240d6eb
Brandstrup B, Tønnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Effects of Intravenous Fluid Restriction on Postoperative Complications: Comparison of Two Perioperative Fluid Regimens - A Randomized Assessor-Blinded Multicenter Trial. Ann Surg. 2003;238(5):641-648. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000094387.50865.23
Scott EM, Buckland R. A Systematic Review of Intraoperative Warming to Prevent Postoperative Complications. AORN J. 2006;83(5):1090-1104. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(06)60120-8
Frank SM, Fleisher LE, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Rhinol. 1997;11(4):1127-1134. doi:10.1097/00005392-199807000-00145
Lee B, Schug SA, Joshi GP, et al. Procedure-Specific Pain Management (PROSPECT) – An update. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2018;32(2):101-111. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2018.06.012
Brown EN, Pavone KJ, Naranjo M. Multimodal general anesthesia: Theory and practice. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(5):1246-1258. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003668
Cheung CK, Adeola JO, Beutler SS, Urman RD. Postoperative Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery Pathways. J Pain Res. 2022;15:123-135. doi:10.2147/JPR.S231774
Joshi GP, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain management in the era of ERAS: An overview. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(3):259-267. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2019.07.016
Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G, et al. Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36(1):63-72. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31820307f7
Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, et al. Society for ambulatory anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1615-1628. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000295230.55439.f4
Chandrakantan A, Glass PSA. Multimodal therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(Suppl 1):i27-i40. doi:10.1093/bja/aer358
Osborn S, Cyna AM, Middleton P, Griffiths JD. Perioperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007705.pub3
Khawaja ZH, Gendia A, Adnan N, Ahmed J. Prevention and Management of Postoperative Ileus: A Review of Current Practice. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22652.doi:10.7759/cureus.22652
Gero D, Gié O, Hübner M, Demartines N, Hahnloser D. Postoperative ileus: in search of an international consensus on definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2017;402(1):149-158. doi:10.1007/s00423-016-1485-1
Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Memon MA. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(4):473-487. doi:10.1177/0148607110385698
Willcutts KF, Chung MC, Erenberg CL, Finn KL, Schirmer BD, Byham-Gray LD. Early Oral Feeding as Compared With Traditional Timing of Oral Feeding After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis. Ann Surg. 2016;264(1):54-63. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001644
Gundogdu H. Methods of Clinical Nutrition. In: Arsava M, ed. Nutrition in Neurologic Disorders. Springer, Switzerland; 2017:51-76.
Sgrò A, Blanco-Colino R, Ahmed WUR, et al. Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: International matched, prospective,cohort study. Br J Surg. 2022;109(3):520-529.doi:10.1093/bjs/znac069
Gundogdu H. Current Perioperative Management Strategies for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. YoğunBakım Derg. 2018;9(2):51-58. doi:10.5152/dcbybd.2018.1408
Rollins KE, Lobo DN, Joshi GP. Enhanced recovery after surgery: Current status and future progress. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021;35(4):479-489. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.10.001
Currie A, Burch J, Jenkins JT, et al. The impact of enhanced recovery protocol compliance on elective colorectal cancer resection: Results from an international registry. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1153-1159. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001029
Referanslar
Engelman RM, Rousou JA, Flack JE, et al. Fast-track recovery of the coronary bypass patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58(6):1742-1746. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(94)91674-8
Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:606-617. doi:10.1093/bja/78.5.606
Kehlet H. Acute pain control and accelerated postoperative surgical recovery. Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79(2):431-443. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70390-X
Kehlet H, Mogensen T. Hospital stay of 2 days after open sigmoidectomy with a multimodal rehabilitation programme. Br J Surg. 1999;86:227-230. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.01023.x
Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M, Al E. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr. 2005;24:466-477.
Ljungqvist O, Scott M, KC F. Enhanced recovery after surgery: A review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:292-298. doi:10.1007/s12630-014-0277-8
Ersoy E, Gündoǧdu H. Enhanced recovery after surgery. Turkish J Surg. 2007;23(1):35-40.
Scott MJ, Baldini G, Fearon KCH, et al. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 1: Pathophysiological considerations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(10):1212-1231. doi:10.1111/aas.12601
Feldheiser A, Aziz O, Baldini G, et al. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: Consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(3):289-334. doi:10.1111/aas.12651
Li C, Carli F, Lee L, et al. Impact of a trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectalcancer surgery: A pilot study. Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech. 2013;27(4):1072-1082. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2560-5
Levett DZH, Jack S, Swart M, et al. Perioperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET): consensus clinical guidelines on indications, organization, conduct, and physiological interpretation. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(3):484-500. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.020
Gillis C, Ljungqvist O, Carli F. Prehabilitation, enhanced recovery after surgery, or both? A narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128(3):434-448. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2021.12.007
Munafò MR, Stevenson J. Anxiety and surgical recovery: Reinterpreting the literature. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51(4):589-596. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00258-6
Pearse RM, Rhodes A, Moreno R, et al. EuSOS: European surgical outcomes study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(6):454-462. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328344907b
Mueller MM, Van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, et al. Patient Blood Management: Recommendations from the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference. In: JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol 321. ; 2019:983-997. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0554
Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2898-2913. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005
Awad S, Tan BH, Cui H, et al. Marked changes in body composition following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophagogastric cancer. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(1):74-77. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.008
Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(4):415-421. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(03)00098-0
Martindale RG, McClave SA, Taylor B, Lawson CM. Perioperative Nutrition: What Is the Current Landscape? J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2013;37(Suppl 1):S5-20. doi:10.1177/0148607113496821
Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4745-4761. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.031
Heyland DK, Montalvo M, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Su XY, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg J Can Chir. 2001;44(2):102-111.
Valentijn TM, Galal W, Tjeertes EKM, Hoeks SE, Verhagen HJ, Stolker RJ. The obesity paradox in the surgical population. Surgeon. 2013;11(3):169-173. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.003
Brady MC, Kinn S, Stuart P, Ness V. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2010(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004423
Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: Guidelines from the european society of anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(8):556-569. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e-3283495ba1
Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containingClear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration - A Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthes. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(2):132-151. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004381
Ljungqvist O, Søreide E. Preoperative fasting. Br J Surg. 2003;90(4):400-406. doi:10.1002/bjs.4066
Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence- based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 SUPPL.):e326S-e350S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2298
Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Heal Pharm. 2013;70(3):195-283. doi:10.2146/ajhp120568
Shapira Z, Feldman L, Lavy R, Weissgarten J, Haitov Z, Halevy A. Bowel preparation: Comparing metabolic and electrolyte changes when using sodium phosphate/ polyethylene glycol. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):356-358. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.009
Guenaga K, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7(9):CD001544. doi:10.1002/14651858. CD001544.pub3
Yost MT, Jolissaint JS, Fields AC, Whang EE. Mechanical and Oral Antibiotic Bowel Preparation in the Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Enhanced Recovery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2018;28(5):491-495. doi:10.1089/lap.2018.0072
Battersby CLF, Battersby NJ, Slade DAJ, Soop M, Walsh CJ. Preoperative mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation to reduce infectious complications of colorectal surgery – the need for updated guidelines. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(3):295-299. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.12.010
Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: A meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):990-999. doi:10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990
Corcoran T, Emma Joy Rhodes J, Clarke S, Myles PS, Ho KM. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: A stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(3):440-451. doi:10.1213/ANE. 0b013e318240d6eb
Brandstrup B, Tønnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. Effects of Intravenous Fluid Restriction on Postoperative Complications: Comparison of Two Perioperative Fluid Regimens - A Randomized Assessor-Blinded Multicenter Trial. Ann Surg. 2003;238(5):641-648. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000094387.50865.23
Scott EM, Buckland R. A Systematic Review of Intraoperative Warming to Prevent Postoperative Complications. AORN J. 2006;83(5):1090-1104. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(06)60120-8
Frank SM, Fleisher LE, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Rhinol. 1997;11(4):1127-1134. doi:10.1097/00005392-199807000-00145
Lee B, Schug SA, Joshi GP, et al. Procedure-Specific Pain Management (PROSPECT) – An update. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2018;32(2):101-111. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2018.06.012
Brown EN, Pavone KJ, Naranjo M. Multimodal general anesthesia: Theory and practice. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(5):1246-1258. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003668
Cheung CK, Adeola JO, Beutler SS, Urman RD. Postoperative Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery Pathways. J Pain Res. 2022;15:123-135. doi:10.2147/JPR.S231774
Joshi GP, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain management in the era of ERAS: An overview. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(3):259-267. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2019.07.016
Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G, et al. Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36(1):63-72. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31820307f7
Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, et al. Society for ambulatory anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1615-1628. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000295230.55439.f4
Chandrakantan A, Glass PSA. Multimodal therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(Suppl 1):i27-i40. doi:10.1093/bja/aer358
Osborn S, Cyna AM, Middleton P, Griffiths JD. Perioperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007705.pub3
Khawaja ZH, Gendia A, Adnan N, Ahmed J. Prevention and Management of Postoperative Ileus: A Review of Current Practice. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22652.doi:10.7759/cureus.22652
Gero D, Gié O, Hübner M, Demartines N, Hahnloser D. Postoperative ileus: in search of an international consensus on definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2017;402(1):149-158. doi:10.1007/s00423-016-1485-1
Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Memon MA. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(4):473-487. doi:10.1177/0148607110385698
Willcutts KF, Chung MC, Erenberg CL, Finn KL, Schirmer BD, Byham-Gray LD. Early Oral Feeding as Compared With Traditional Timing of Oral Feeding After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis. Ann Surg. 2016;264(1):54-63. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001644
Gundogdu H. Methods of Clinical Nutrition. In: Arsava M, ed. Nutrition in Neurologic Disorders. Springer, Switzerland; 2017:51-76.
Sgrò A, Blanco-Colino R, Ahmed WUR, et al. Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: International matched, prospective,cohort study. Br J Surg. 2022;109(3):520-529.doi:10.1093/bjs/znac069
Gundogdu H. Current Perioperative Management Strategies for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. YoğunBakım Derg. 2018;9(2):51-58. doi:10.5152/dcbybd.2018.1408
Rollins KE, Lobo DN, Joshi GP. Enhanced recovery after surgery: Current status and future progress. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021;35(4):479-489. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.10.001
Currie A, Burch J, Jenkins JT, et al. The impact of enhanced recovery protocol compliance on elective colorectal cancer resection: Results from an international registry. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1153-1159. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001029
