Koroner Arteriovenöz Fistüller
Özet
Koroner arteriyovenöz fistül (KAF) veya koroner arteriovenöz fistül, koroner arterlerin kalp boşlukları veya sistemik veya pulmoner dolaşımın herhangi bir segmenti ile, araya giren bir kılcal ağ olmaksızın, konjenital veya edinilmiş anormal vasküler iletişimidir. Genellikle kardiyak görüntüleme ile tesadüfen teşhis edilen nadir koroner anomalilerdir. KAF'ler çoğu hastada asemptomatiktir, ancak semptom yapabilecek en yaygın koroner arter anomalileridir. Çoğu KAF genç hastalarda asemptomatiktir, ancak semptomlar ve komplikasyonlar artan yaşla birlikte daha sık görülür. KAF'ler, fistülün boyutuna, kökenine ve drenaj yaşına dayalı değişken klinik belirtilerle kendilerini gösterir. Transkateter ekipman ve tekniklerin ilerlemesiyle, KAF'ler giderek daha fazla perkütan yaklaşım kullanılarak kapatılmaktadır. Ancak, miyokard enfarktüsü, cihaz embolizasyonu ve fistül rekanalizasyonu gibi riskler göz önüne alındığında, prosedürleri bilmek önemli hale gelmektedir. KAF kapatma işleminin güncel prosedürel hususlarını, tekniklerini ve sonuçlarını bilmek önemli hale gelmektedir.
Coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAF) or coronary arteriovenous fistula is a congenital or acquired anomalous vascular communication of the coronary arteries with the cardiac chambers or any segment of the systemic or pulmonary circulation, without an intervening capillary network. They are rare coronary anomalies, usually diagnosed incidentally by cardiac imaging. CAFs are asymptomatic in most patients, but they are the most common coronary artery anomalies that can cause symptoms. Most CAFs are asymptomatic in young patients, but symptoms and complications become more common with increasing age. CAFs present with variable clinical manifestations depending on the size of the fistula, its origin, and the age of drainage. With the advancement of transcatheter equipment and techniques, CAFs are increasingly being closed using a percutaneous approach. However, considering the risks such as myocardial infarction, device embolization, and fistula recanalization, it becomes important to know the procedures. It becomes important to know the current procedural considerations, techniques, and outcomes of CAF closure.
Referanslar
Reddy G, Davies JE, Holmes DR, et al. 1 Coronary artery fistulae. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:e003062.
Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019;139:e698–e800.
Lau G.Sudden death arising from a congenital coronary artery fistula. Forensic Sci Int 1995;73:125–30.
Krause W. On the origin of an accessory coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Z Ratl Med 1865;24:225–7 [in German]. 5 Haller JA Jr, Little JA. Diagnosis and surgical correction of congenital coronary artery–coronary sinus fistula. Circulation 1963;27:939–42.
Said SA. Current characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas in adults: a decade of global experience. World J Cardiol 2011;3:267–77.
Buccheri D, Chirco PR, Geraci S, et al. Coronary artery fistulae: anatomy, diagnosis and management strategies. Heart Lung Circ 2018;27:940–51.
Pérez-Pomares JM, de la Pompa JL, Franco D, et al. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: a bridge from embryology to anatomy and pathophysiology – a position statement of the development, anatomy, and pathology ESC Working Group. Cardiovasc Res 2016;109:204–16.
Mangukia CV. Coronary artery fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93(6):2084–2092.
Yu R, Sharma B, Franciosa JA. Acquired coronary artery fistula to the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;58(6):557–558.
Narh JT, Zahid E, Shivaraj K, et al. Steal and strain: a case of coronary artery fistula presenting with coronary steal syndrome and underlying bronchiectasis. Respir Med Case Rep 2020;31:101301.
Latson LA. Coronary artery fistulas: how to manage them. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;70(1):110–116.
Shiga Y, Tsuchiya Y, Yahiro E, et al. Left main coronary trunk connecting into right atrium with an aneurysmal coronary artery fistula. Int J Cardiol 2008;123(2):e28–e30
Kugelmass AD, Manning WJ, Piana RN, Weintraub RM, Baim DS, Grossman W. Coronary arteriovenous fistula presenting as congestive heart failure. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;26(1):19–25
Said SA. Characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas complicated with infective endocarditis: analysis of 25 reported cases. Congenit Heart Dis 2016;11(6):756–765
Challoumas D, Pericleous A, Dimitrakaki IA, Danelatos C, Dimitrakakis G. Coronary arteriovenous fistulae: a review. Int J Angiol 2014;23(1):1–10
Ouchi K, Sakuma T, Ojiri H. Coronary artery fistula in adults: incidence and appearance on cardiac computed tomography and comparison of detectability and hemodynamic effects with those on transthoracic echocardiography. J Cardiol 2020;76:593–600.
Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;116:1736–54
Fujimoto N, Onishi K, Tanabe M, et al. Two cases of giant aneurysm in coronary–pulmonary artery fistula associated with atherosclerotic change. Int J Cardiol 2004;97:577–8
Ata Y, Turk T, Bicer M, et al. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas in the adults: natural history and management strategies. J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;4:62.
Olearchyk AS, Runk DM, Alavi M, Grosso MA. Congenital bilateral coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:233–5.
Shah K, Jobanputra Y, Sharma P. Recurrent bacteremia in the setting of a coronary artery fistula. Cureus 2020;12:e9289.
Erol C, Seker M. Coronary artery anomalies: the prevalence of origination, course, and termination anomalies of coronary arteries detected by 64-detector computed tomography coronary angiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011;35:618–24.
Qureshi SA. Coronary arterial fistulas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1:51.
Vitarelli A, De Curtis G, Conde Y, et al. Assessment of congenital coronary artery fistulas by transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography. Am J Med 2002;113:127–33.
Krishnamoorthy KM, Rao S. Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Int J Cardiol 2004;96:281–3.
Erdem K, Ozbay Y. Prevalence and characteristics of coronary artery anomalies using invasive coronary angiography in 6237 consecutive patients in a single center in Turkey. Arch Iran Med 2018;21:240–5
Yildiz A, Okcun B, Peker T, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in 12,457 adult patients who underwent coronary angiography. Clin Cardiol 2010;33:e60–4.
Russo V, Lovato L, Ligabue G. Cardiac MRI: technical basis. Radiol Med 2020;125:1040–55.
Loukas M, Germain AS, Gabriel A, et al. Coronary artery fistula: a review. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015;24:141–8
Lee SK, Jung JI, O JH, et al. Coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula in adults: evaluation with thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT. PLoS One 2017;12:e0189269.
Angelini P. Coronary artery anomalies – current clinical issues: definitions, classification, incidence, clinical relevance, and treatment guidelines. Tex Heart Inst J 2002;29:271–8
Gowda ST, Latson L, Sivakumar K, et al. Anatomical classification and posttreatment remodeling characteristics to guide management and follow-up of neonates and infants with coronary artery fistula: a multicenter study from the Coronary Artery Fistula Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2021;14:e009750.
Gowda ST, Latson LA, Kutty S, Prieto LR. Intermediate to long-term outcome following congenital coronary artery fistulae closure with focus on thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:302–8.
Agarwal PP, Dennie C, Pena E, et al. Anomalous coronary arteries that need intervention: review of pre- and postoperative imaging appearances. Radiographics 2017;37:740–57.
Fernandes ED, Kadivar H, Hallman GL, et al. Congenital malformations of the coronary arteries: the Texas Heart Institute experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:732–40.
Burns JC, Kushner HI, Bastian JF, et al. Kawasaki disease: a briehistory. Pediatrics 2000;106:e27.
De Souza AW, de Carvalho JF. Diagnostic and classification criteria of Takayasu arteritis. J Autoimmun 2014;48–49:79–83.
Pfannschmidt J, Ruskowski H, de Vivie ER. Bland-White-Garland syndrome: clinical aspects, diagnosis, therapy. Klin Padiatr 1992;204:328–34 [in German].
Al-Hijji M, El Sabbagh A, El Hajj S, et al. Coronary artery fistulas: indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications of transcatheter fistula closure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021;14:1393–406.
Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project: anomalies of the coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69(4 Suppl):S270–97.
Dodd JD, Ferencik M, Liberthson RR, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in patients with congenital coronary fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:265–70.
Gowda RM, Vasavada BC, Khan IA. Coronary artery fistulas: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol 2006;107:7–10.
Gowda ST, Forbes TJ, Singh H, et al. Remodeling and thrombosis following closure of coronary artery fistula with review of management: large distal coronary artery fistula – to close or not to close? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;82:132–42.
Referanslar
Reddy G, Davies JE, Holmes DR, et al. 1 Coronary artery fistulae. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:e003062.
Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019;139:e698–e800.
Lau G.Sudden death arising from a congenital coronary artery fistula. Forensic Sci Int 1995;73:125–30.
Krause W. On the origin of an accessory coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Z Ratl Med 1865;24:225–7 [in German]. 5 Haller JA Jr, Little JA. Diagnosis and surgical correction of congenital coronary artery–coronary sinus fistula. Circulation 1963;27:939–42.
Said SA. Current characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas in adults: a decade of global experience. World J Cardiol 2011;3:267–77.
Buccheri D, Chirco PR, Geraci S, et al. Coronary artery fistulae: anatomy, diagnosis and management strategies. Heart Lung Circ 2018;27:940–51.
Pérez-Pomares JM, de la Pompa JL, Franco D, et al. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: a bridge from embryology to anatomy and pathophysiology – a position statement of the development, anatomy, and pathology ESC Working Group. Cardiovasc Res 2016;109:204–16.
Mangukia CV. Coronary artery fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93(6):2084–2092.
Yu R, Sharma B, Franciosa JA. Acquired coronary artery fistula to the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;58(6):557–558.
Narh JT, Zahid E, Shivaraj K, et al. Steal and strain: a case of coronary artery fistula presenting with coronary steal syndrome and underlying bronchiectasis. Respir Med Case Rep 2020;31:101301.
Latson LA. Coronary artery fistulas: how to manage them. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;70(1):110–116.
Shiga Y, Tsuchiya Y, Yahiro E, et al. Left main coronary trunk connecting into right atrium with an aneurysmal coronary artery fistula. Int J Cardiol 2008;123(2):e28–e30
Kugelmass AD, Manning WJ, Piana RN, Weintraub RM, Baim DS, Grossman W. Coronary arteriovenous fistula presenting as congestive heart failure. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;26(1):19–25
Said SA. Characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas complicated with infective endocarditis: analysis of 25 reported cases. Congenit Heart Dis 2016;11(6):756–765
Challoumas D, Pericleous A, Dimitrakaki IA, Danelatos C, Dimitrakakis G. Coronary arteriovenous fistulae: a review. Int J Angiol 2014;23(1):1–10
Ouchi K, Sakuma T, Ojiri H. Coronary artery fistula in adults: incidence and appearance on cardiac computed tomography and comparison of detectability and hemodynamic effects with those on transthoracic echocardiography. J Cardiol 2020;76:593–600.
Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;116:1736–54
Fujimoto N, Onishi K, Tanabe M, et al. Two cases of giant aneurysm in coronary–pulmonary artery fistula associated with atherosclerotic change. Int J Cardiol 2004;97:577–8
Ata Y, Turk T, Bicer M, et al. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas in the adults: natural history and management strategies. J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;4:62.
Olearchyk AS, Runk DM, Alavi M, Grosso MA. Congenital bilateral coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:233–5.
Shah K, Jobanputra Y, Sharma P. Recurrent bacteremia in the setting of a coronary artery fistula. Cureus 2020;12:e9289.
Erol C, Seker M. Coronary artery anomalies: the prevalence of origination, course, and termination anomalies of coronary arteries detected by 64-detector computed tomography coronary angiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011;35:618–24.
Qureshi SA. Coronary arterial fistulas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1:51.
Vitarelli A, De Curtis G, Conde Y, et al. Assessment of congenital coronary artery fistulas by transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography. Am J Med 2002;113:127–33.
Krishnamoorthy KM, Rao S. Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Int J Cardiol 2004;96:281–3.
Erdem K, Ozbay Y. Prevalence and characteristics of coronary artery anomalies using invasive coronary angiography in 6237 consecutive patients in a single center in Turkey. Arch Iran Med 2018;21:240–5
Yildiz A, Okcun B, Peker T, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in 12,457 adult patients who underwent coronary angiography. Clin Cardiol 2010;33:e60–4.
Russo V, Lovato L, Ligabue G. Cardiac MRI: technical basis. Radiol Med 2020;125:1040–55.
Loukas M, Germain AS, Gabriel A, et al. Coronary artery fistula: a review. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015;24:141–8
Lee SK, Jung JI, O JH, et al. Coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula in adults: evaluation with thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT. PLoS One 2017;12:e0189269.
Angelini P. Coronary artery anomalies – current clinical issues: definitions, classification, incidence, clinical relevance, and treatment guidelines. Tex Heart Inst J 2002;29:271–8
Gowda ST, Latson L, Sivakumar K, et al. Anatomical classification and posttreatment remodeling characteristics to guide management and follow-up of neonates and infants with coronary artery fistula: a multicenter study from the Coronary Artery Fistula Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2021;14:e009750.
Gowda ST, Latson LA, Kutty S, Prieto LR. Intermediate to long-term outcome following congenital coronary artery fistulae closure with focus on thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:302–8.
Agarwal PP, Dennie C, Pena E, et al. Anomalous coronary arteries that need intervention: review of pre- and postoperative imaging appearances. Radiographics 2017;37:740–57.
Fernandes ED, Kadivar H, Hallman GL, et al. Congenital malformations of the coronary arteries: the Texas Heart Institute experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:732–40.
Burns JC, Kushner HI, Bastian JF, et al. Kawasaki disease: a briehistory. Pediatrics 2000;106:e27.
De Souza AW, de Carvalho JF. Diagnostic and classification criteria of Takayasu arteritis. J Autoimmun 2014;48–49:79–83.
Pfannschmidt J, Ruskowski H, de Vivie ER. Bland-White-Garland syndrome: clinical aspects, diagnosis, therapy. Klin Padiatr 1992;204:328–34 [in German].
Al-Hijji M, El Sabbagh A, El Hajj S, et al. Coronary artery fistulas: indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications of transcatheter fistula closure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021;14:1393–406.
Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project: anomalies of the coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69(4 Suppl):S270–97.
Dodd JD, Ferencik M, Liberthson RR, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in patients with congenital coronary fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:265–70.
Gowda RM, Vasavada BC, Khan IA. Coronary artery fistulas: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol 2006;107:7–10.
Gowda ST, Forbes TJ, Singh H, et al. Remodeling and thrombosis following closure of coronary artery fistula with review of management: large distal coronary artery fistula – to close or not to close? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;82:132–42.
