Çevre Okuryazarlığı
Özet
Çevre okuryazarlığı, bireylerin biyofiziksel ve toplumsal çevreye ilişkin bilgi, kavram ve becerilerini geliştirmelerini, bu kazanımları gözlemlenebilir davranışlara dönüştürmelerini ve gelecek kuşaklara karşı sorumluluk bilinci edinmelerini hedefleyen çok yönlü bir yeterlilik alanıdır. Bu çalışmada, çevre eğitimiyle temelleri atılan ve zamanla sürdürülebilir kalkınma paradigması doğrultusunda dönüşüm geçiren çevre okuryazarlığı kavramı tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınmış; kavramın ortaya çıkışı, gelişim aşamaları ve uluslararası politika belgeleriyle kurumsallaşma süreci incelenerek, çevre okuryazarlığının günümüzdeki çok boyutlu yapısı ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada çevre okuryazarlığı konusu beş ayrı dönem kapsamında incelenmiştir. 1948-1971 yılları arasındaki ilk dönemde, çevresel sorunlara ilişkin uluslararası farkındalık gelişmeye ve çevre eğitimi ilk kez tartışılmaya başlamıştır. Stockholm Konferansı ile başlayan ve kurumsallaşma süreci olarak tanımlanan ikinci dönemde çevre eğitimi, Belgrad ve Tiflis Bildirgeleri gibi resmi politika belgelerinde yer almış; 1987 yılından itibaren ise sürdürülebilir kalkınma çerçevesinde bütüncül perspektifle ele alınır hale gelmiştir. Ortak Geleceğimiz Raporu ve Rio Konferansı bu sürecin temel dönüm noktalarını oluşturmuştur. 2000’li yıllardan itibaren sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitimin yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik uluslararası strateji belgeleri ve uygulama planları ortaya konmuş; çevre okuryazarlığının eğitim süreçlerinin her düzeyine entegre edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. 2015 yılından sonraki süreçte ise 2030- Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri doğrultusunda, çevre okuryazarlığı disiplinlerarası bir yapıya kavuşmuştur. İklim değişikliği, biyoçeşitlilik, ekolojik ayak izi, karbon salımı gibi güncel çevresel konularla ilişkilendirilmiş ve medya okuryazarlığı, dijital çevre okuryazarlığı gibi yeni boyutlarla bütünleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca çevre okuryazarlığı ile sürdürülebilirlik okuryazarlığı arasındaki ilişkinin kavramsal olarak incelendiği çalışmada, çevre okuryazarlığının sürdürülebilirlik okuryazarlığının öncülü ve alt bileşeni olduğu vurgulanmış; çevre okuryazarlığı, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmada temel bir araç olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çok paydaşlı ve katılımcı yaklaşımların desteklenmesi, yerel bağlamla ilişkili, öğrenci merkezli ve uygulamalı öğretim modellerinin yaygınlaştırılması çalışmanın önerileri arasında yer almıştır.
Referanslar
Alada, A., Gürpınar, E., & Budak, S. (2012). Rio Konferansı üzerine düşünceler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (3–4–5), 93–108.
Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Kurumu Türkiye Milli Komisyonu (2022). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Eğitim. https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/14/52/ Sürdürülebilir-Kalkınma-İçin-Eğitim
Birleşmiş Milletler. (2012). İstediğimiz gelecek: Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Konferansı (Rio+20), Rio de Janeiro, Brezilya, 20-22 Haziran 2012: Konferans çıktısı. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Future_We_Want.pdf
Caldwell, L. K. (1996). International environmental policy (3rd ed.). Duke University Press.
Coyle, K. (2005). Environmental literacy in America: What ten years of NEETF/Roper research and related studies say about environmental literacy in the U.S. The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED522820.pdf
Décamps, A., Barbat, G., Carteron, J. C., Hands, V., & Parkes, C. (2017). Sulitest: A collaborative initiative to support and assess sustainability literacy in higher education. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(1), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.01.006
Duarte, A. J. O., & Sivieri-Pereira, H. O. (2023). Multidimensional environmental education. The Brazilian Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.34024/revbea.2023.v18.14795
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Lear, L.. (2000). Silent Spring. https://www.rachelcarson.org/
Marcinkowski, T., Shin, D., Noh, K., Negev, M., Sagy, G., Garb, Y., McBeth, B., Hungerford, H., Volk, T., Meyers, R., & Erdoğan, M. (2012). National assessments of environmental literacy. In K. C. Burns, S. F. Rehner, & L. M. Schwab (Eds.), Environmental education: Principles and practice across the globe (pp. 201–230). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2253-8_14
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Rome, A. (2010). The genius of Earth Day. Environmental History, 15(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emq036
Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution, and directions in the 1990s. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED348235.pdf
Sanchez, S.-J., Piedrahita Guzman, Y., Sosa-Molano, J., Robertson, D., Ahern, S., & Garza, T. (2025). Systematic literature review: A typology of sustainability literacy and environmental literacy. Frontiers in Education, 10, Article 1490791. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1490791
Stapp, W. B. (1969). The concept of environmental education. Environmental Education, 1(1), 30–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139254.1969.10801479
T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2004). Dünya sürdürülebilir kalkınma zirvesi: Johannesburg uygulama planı. Ankara.
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2022b). Dünya Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Zirvesi (Johannesburg, 26 Ağustos- 4 Eylül 2002). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/dunya-surdurulebilir-kalkinma-zirvesi_johannesburg_-26-agustos---4-eylul-2002_.tr.mfa?utm_source
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022a). Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-cevre-programi.tr.mfa
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The Global Development Research Center. (t.y.). Tbilisi declaration (1977): Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education. https://www.gdrc.org/uem/ee/tbilisi.html
Türk Dil Kurumu. (2025). Türk Dil Kurumu sözlüğü. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2005). International implementation scheme for the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014). UNESCO International Science, Technology & Environmental Education Newsletter, 30(1–2). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000140147
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2016). Global action programme on education for sustainable development: Information folder. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246270
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2022). Berlin declaration on education for sustainable development: Learn for our planet, act for sustainability. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381228
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2025a, February 11). Literacy: What you need to know. https://www.unesco.org/en/literacy/need-know?hub=401
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2025b). ESD-Net: Global network on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). https://www.unesco.org/en/sustainable-development/education/esd-net
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2014). Shaping the future we want: UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014) final report.
United Nations Environment Programme. (t.y.). UN Environment strategy for environmental education and training. https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/policies-and-strategies/un-environment-strategy-environmental-education-and
United Nations General Assembly. (2002). Resolution 57/254 of the United Nations General Assembly: United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/57/254
United Nations. (1973). Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: 5–16 June 1972, Stockholm. United Nations Publications.
United Nations. (1982). World charter for nature. https://ejcj.orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/1982.-UN-World-Charter-for-Nature-1982.pdf
United Nations. (1992). Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
United Nations. (2022, December). Rio+20: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20
Wals, A. E. J., & Benavot, A. (2017). Can we meet the sustainability challenges? The role of education and lifelong learning. European Journal of Education, 52(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12250
Wood, H. W. (1985). The United Nations World Charter for Nature: The developing nations’ initiative to establish protections for the environment. Ecology Law Quarterly, 12(4), 977–996. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24112833
World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
Referanslar
Alada, A., Gürpınar, E., & Budak, S. (2012). Rio Konferansı üzerine düşünceler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (3–4–5), 93–108.
Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Kurumu Türkiye Milli Komisyonu (2022). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Eğitim. https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/14/52/ Sürdürülebilir-Kalkınma-İçin-Eğitim
Birleşmiş Milletler. (2012). İstediğimiz gelecek: Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Konferansı (Rio+20), Rio de Janeiro, Brezilya, 20-22 Haziran 2012: Konferans çıktısı. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Future_We_Want.pdf
Caldwell, L. K. (1996). International environmental policy (3rd ed.). Duke University Press.
Coyle, K. (2005). Environmental literacy in America: What ten years of NEETF/Roper research and related studies say about environmental literacy in the U.S. The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED522820.pdf
Décamps, A., Barbat, G., Carteron, J. C., Hands, V., & Parkes, C. (2017). Sulitest: A collaborative initiative to support and assess sustainability literacy in higher education. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(1), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.01.006
Duarte, A. J. O., & Sivieri-Pereira, H. O. (2023). Multidimensional environmental education. The Brazilian Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.34024/revbea.2023.v18.14795
Earth Day Network. (t.y.). Teach-in toolkit. https://www.earthday.org/teach-in-toolkit/
Gram-Hanssen, K. (2012). Sustainable lifestyles. In The international encyclopaedia of housing and home (pp. 117–123). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00557-9
Hollweg, K. S., Taylor, J. R., Bybee, R. W., Marcinkowski, T. J., McBeth, W. C., & Zoido, P. (2011). Developing a framework for assessing environmental literacy. North American Association for Environmental Education. http://www.naaee.net
International Union for the Conservation of Nature. (1948). Established at Fontainebleau, 5 October 1948. https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/1948-001.pdf
International Union for the Conservation of Nature. (1970). International working meeting on environmental education in the school curriculum, Nevada. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Rep-1970-001.pdf
International Union for the Conservation of Nature. (1980). World conservation strategy: Living resource conservation for sustainable development (Prepared by the IUCN with the cooperation of the UNEP, WWF, and in collaboration with the FAO, UNESCO). https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/wcs-004.pdf
Lear, L.. (2000). Silent Spring. https://www.rachelcarson.org/
Marcinkowski, T., Shin, D., Noh, K., Negev, M., Sagy, G., Garb, Y., McBeth, B., Hungerford, H., Volk, T., Meyers, R., & Erdoğan, M. (2012). National assessments of environmental literacy. In K. C. Burns, S. F. Rehner, & L. M. Schwab (Eds.), Environmental education: Principles and practice across the globe (pp. 201–230). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2253-8_14
McBeth, W., Hungerford, H., Marcinkowski, T., Volk, T., & Meyers, R. (2008). National environmental literacy assessment project: Year 1, final report. https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/document/2019/Jun/Final_NELA_minus_MSELS_8-12-08.pdf
Pallemaerts, M. (1997). Stockholm’den Rio’ya uluslararası çevre hukuku: Geleceğe doğru geri adım mı? (B. Duru, Çev.). Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(1), 613–632. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000001995
Rome, A. (2010). The genius of Earth Day. Environmental History, 15(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emq036
Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution, and directions in the 1990s. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED348235.pdf
Sanchez, S.-J., Piedrahita Guzman, Y., Sosa-Molano, J., Robertson, D., Ahern, S., & Garza, T. (2025). Systematic literature review: A typology of sustainability literacy and environmental literacy. Frontiers in Education, 10, Article 1490791. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1490791
Stapp, W. B. (1969). The concept of environmental education. Environmental Education, 1(1), 30–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139254.1969.10801479
T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2004). Dünya sürdürülebilir kalkınma zirvesi: Johannesburg uygulama planı. Ankara.
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2022b). Dünya Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Zirvesi (Johannesburg, 26 Ağustos- 4 Eylül 2002). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/dunya-surdurulebilir-kalkinma-zirvesi_johannesburg_-26-agustos---4-eylul-2002_.tr.mfa?utm_source
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022a). Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-cevre-programi.tr.mfa
The Belgrade Charter: A Framework for Environmental Education. (1975). https://www.eusteps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Belgrade-Charter.pdf
The Global Development Research Center. (t.y.). Tbilisi declaration (1977): Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education. https://www.gdrc.org/uem/ee/tbilisi.html
Türk Dil Kurumu. (2025). Türk Dil Kurumu sözlüğü. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. (1992). Agenda 21. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2005). International implementation scheme for the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014). UNESCO International Science, Technology & Environmental Education Newsletter, 30(1–2). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000140147
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2016). Global action programme on education for sustainable development: Information folder. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246270
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2022). Berlin declaration on education for sustainable development: Learn for our planet, act for sustainability. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381228
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2025a, February 11). Literacy: What you need to know. https://www.unesco.org/en/literacy/need-know?hub=401
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2025b). ESD-Net: Global network on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). https://www.unesco.org/en/sustainable-development/education/esd-net
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2014). Shaping the future we want: UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014) final report.
United Nations Environment Programme. (t.y.). UN Environment strategy for environmental education and training. https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment/policies-and-strategies/un-environment-strategy-environmental-education-and
United Nations General Assembly. (2002). Resolution 57/254 of the United Nations General Assembly: United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/57/254
United Nations. (1973). Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment: 5–16 June 1972, Stockholm. United Nations Publications.
United Nations. (1982). World charter for nature. https://ejcj.orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/1982.-UN-World-Charter-for-Nature-1982.pdf
United Nations. (1992). Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
United Nations. (2022, December). Rio+20: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20
Wals, A. E. J., & Benavot, A. (2017). Can we meet the sustainability challenges? The role of education and lifelong learning. European Journal of Education, 52(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12250
Wood, H. W. (1985). The United Nations World Charter for Nature: The developing nations’ initiative to establish protections for the environment. Ecology Law Quarterly, 12(4), 977–996. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24112833
World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
