Kültürel Okuryazarlık
Özet
Kültürel okuryazarlık bireylerin 21. Yüzyılda edinmesi gereken becerilerden birisi olarak günlük hayatımızda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kültürel okuryazarlığın en genel tanımı bireyin ait olduğu toplumun ortak bilgi birikimine erişmesi ve bu birikimi etkin biçimde kullanabilmesidir (Hirsch, 1983; 1987). Ancak küreselleşen dünya, sürdürülebilirlik ve dijitalleşme kavramlarının etkisi ile kavram kültürel okuryazarlığı kültür okuma ve bilgi birikimi kapsamında çıkarmıştır. Son gelişmelerle birlikte kültür okuryazarlığı sosyal etkileşim içinde üretilen, müzakere edilen ve dönüştürülen bir pratik olarak kabul edilmiştir (Maine vd. 2019). Bu bölümün amacı, önemli bir beceri olarak karşımıza çıkan kültür okuryazarlığını çok yönlü bir şekilde tanımlamak, onun temellerini ve bireylerin eğitimine yansımalarını açıklamaktır. Kültürlerarası iletişim ve öğrenmede evrensel tasarım ilkeleri kullanılarak sosyal hayatta ve eğitimde kültürler okuryazarlığın nasıl etkili bir şekilde kazananılabileceğini ve bireylere kazandırılabileceğini anlatan bu bölüm, eğitimcilere, program geliştiricilere, öğretmenlere ve öğrencilere bir kaynak olacaktır.
Referanslar
Abdallah-Pretceille, M. (2006). Interculturalism as a paradigm for thinking about diversity. Intercultural Education, 17(5), 475–483.
Ahadiyyah, A., Purwanto, E., Elyana, K., Azahra, K. A. A., Chaniago, A. N., Handayani, N. N., ... & Ayala, E. R. (2024). Cultural globalization and education strategy to develop cultural literacy and digital. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(3), 1661-1665.
Alexander, R. (2008). Culture, dialogue and learning: Notes on an emerging pedagogy. Exploring talk in school, 2008, 91-114.
Apple, M. (2014). Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age. Routledge.
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2016). Intercultural competence: An interdisciplinary perspective. Springer.
Astolfo, G., & Allsopp, H. (2023). The coloniality of migration and integration: continuing the discussion. Comparative Migration Studies, 11(1), 19.
Bajaj, M. (2018). Conceptualizing transformative agency in education for peace, human rights, and social justice. International Journal of Human Rights Education, 2(1), 13.
Banks, J. A. (2008). An Introduction to Multicultural Education. Pearson.
Banks, J. A. (2022). Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives. Routledge.
Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2010). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. London: Paladin.
Bayındır, T. (2022). Kültürel Okuryazarlık. In H. Akyol & B. Delican (Eds.), Yeni Okuryazarlıklar (111–120). Pegem Akademi.
Beelen, J., & Jones, E. (2015). Redefining internationalization at home. In The European higher education area: Between critical reflections and future policies (p. 59-72). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 147-165). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Broudy, H. S. (1990). Cultural literacy and general education. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 24(1), 7-16.
Byram, M. (2020). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence: Revisited. Multilingual Matters.
Campbell, M. B. (1988). ED Hirsch, Jr.'s" Cultural Literacy": Quality of Life or Mere Level of Brow? Teacher Eduation Quartely, 15(3), 81-91.
Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Chancel, L. (2020). Unsustainable inequalities: Social justice and the environment. Harvard University Press.
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2012). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In Communication yearbook 19 (pp. 353-383). Routledge.
Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2017). The Mediated Construction of Reality. Polity Press.
Davis, M. H. (2018). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Routledge.
De Wit, H., & Jones, E. (2018). Inclusive internationalization: Improving access and equity. International Higher Education, 94, 16-18.
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of studies in international education, 10(3), 241-266.
Deardorff, D. K. (2020). Manual for developing intercultural competencies: Story circles. UNESCO Publishing.
Eisner, E. (2003). The arts and the creation of mind. Yale University Press.
Erden, O. (2023). The effect of local discourses adapted by teachers on Syrian child refugees’ schooling experiences in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 27(3), 273-287.
Erden-Basaran, O. & Erden, E. (2021). Öğrenmede evrensel tasarımın temelleri. [Foundations of Universal Design for Learning]. In S. Demir Başaran (Ed.) Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım Kapsayıcı Eğitimi Sağlamada Kuramsal ve Uygulamalı Bir Çerçeve. Pegem Yayınları.
Erden-Basaran, O., & Gursel-Bilgin, G. (2023). University as a Place for Personal Renaissance: Future-teachers’ University Experiences as Agents for Learning and Teaching Peace. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 12(2), 252-263.
Erden-Başaran, Ö., & Uğurel-Kamışlı, M. Eğitimde Kültürlerarası İletişim. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Erstad, O. (2011). Citizens navigating in literate worlds: The case of digital literacy. In Deconstructing digital natives (pp. 99-118). Routledge.
Faist, T. (2016). Cross-border migration and social inequalities. Annual review of Sociology, 42(1), 323-346.
Gay, G. (2018). Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice. Teachers College Press.
Gil Quintana, J., & Osuna-Acedo, S. (2020). Transmedia practices and collaborative strategies in informal learning of adolescents. Social Sciences, 9(6), 92.
Gursel-Bilgin, G., Erden-Basaran, O., & Flinders, D. J. (2023). Turkish Pre-service Teachers' Understandings of War, Peace, and Peace Education. International Journal of Educational Research, 117, 102112.
Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs identity? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity (pp. 1–17). Sage Publications.
Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
Hernandez, A. (2022). Closing the achievement gap in the classroom through culturally relevant pedagogy. Journal of Education and Learning, 11(2), 1-21.
Hirsch, E. D. (1983). Cultural literacy. The American Scholar, 159-169.
Hirsch, E. D. (1987). Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Houghton Mifflin.
Jarvis, P. (2009). Learning to be a person in society: Learning to be me. In K. Illeris (Ed.), Contemporary theories of learning (pp. 21-34). Routledge.
Karagöz, S. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Dindarlık, Empatik Eğilim ve Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 20(44), 549-586.
Kıvrak, A. K., Özden, M., & Erbaş, Y. H. (2023). Kültürel Okuryazar mıyım? Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, (19), 23-40.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.
Kosmoski, G. J., Gay, G., & Vockell, E. L. (1990). Cultural literacy and academic achievement. The Journal of experimental education, 58(4), 265-272.
Köçer, N. (2025). Türkiye yüzyılı maarif modeli Türkçe dersi öğretim programı ve 5. Sınıf Türkçe ders kitabının kültür okuryazarlığı bağlamında incelenmesi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 14(1), 161-171.
Kraidy, M. (2022). The Naked Blogger of Cairo: Creative Insurgency in the Arab World. Harvard University Press.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Clarendon Press.
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural competence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 489-519.
Maine, F., Cook, V., & Lähdesmäki, T. (2019). Reconceptualizing cultural literacy as a dialogic practice. London Review of Education, 17(3), 383–392.
May, S., & Sleeter, C. E. (Eds.). (2010). Critical Multiculturalism: Theory and Praxis. Routledge.
Mullican, J. S. (1991). Cultural literacy: whose culture? Whose Literacy? English Education, 23(4), 244-250.
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press.
Noddings, N. (2018). Philosophy of education. Routledge.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press.
O’Callaghan, K. A., Nunn, P. D., Casey, S., Crimmins, G., & Dugmore, H. (2025). Speaking of Climate Change: Reframing Effective Communication for Greater Impact. Climate, 13(4), 69.
O'Dowd, R. (2020). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 53(4), 477-490.
OECD (2018). Teaching for the Future: Effective Classroom Practices to Transform Education. OECD Publishing.
Paige, R. M., Stallman, E. M., & Josić, J. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long‐term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20(sup1), S29-S44.
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin.
Parker, W. C. (2023). Education for liberal democracy: Using classroom discussion to build knowledge and voice. Teachers College Press.
Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2021). You are here: A field guide for navigating polarized speech, conspiracy theories, and our polluted media landscape. MIT Press.
Riecken, T. J., & Court, D. (1992). Extending cultural literacy. The Journal of Educational Thought (JET)/Revue de la Pensée Educative, 152-163.
Scott, P. (1988). A few words more about ED Hirsch and Cultural literacy. College English, 50(3), 333-338.
Sen, A. (2007). Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny (issues of our time). WW Norton & Company.
Sleeter, C. E., & Zavala, M. (2020). Transformative ethnic studies in schools: Curriculum, pedagogy, and research. Teachers College Press.
Tombleson, B., & Wolf, K. (2017). Rethinking the circuit of culture: How participatory culture has transformed cross-cultural communication. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 14-25.
Turner, V., Abrahams, R., & Harris, A. (2017). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Routledge.
UNESCO. (2015). Rethinking education: Towards a global common good? UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO. (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives. Paris: UNESCO.
Yılmaz, A. D. (2025). Türkiye’de Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerin Kültürel Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Anadolu Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(2), 389-402.
Zuboff, S. (2023). The age of surveillance capitalism. In W. Longhofer & D. Winchester, Social theory re-wired (pp. 203-213). Routledge.
Referanslar
Abdallah-Pretceille, M. (2006). Interculturalism as a paradigm for thinking about diversity. Intercultural Education, 17(5), 475–483.
Ahadiyyah, A., Purwanto, E., Elyana, K., Azahra, K. A. A., Chaniago, A. N., Handayani, N. N., ... & Ayala, E. R. (2024). Cultural globalization and education strategy to develop cultural literacy and digital. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(3), 1661-1665.
Alexander, R. (2008). Culture, dialogue and learning: Notes on an emerging pedagogy. Exploring talk in school, 2008, 91-114.
Apple, M. (2014). Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age. Routledge.
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2016). Intercultural competence: An interdisciplinary perspective. Springer.
Astolfo, G., & Allsopp, H. (2023). The coloniality of migration and integration: continuing the discussion. Comparative Migration Studies, 11(1), 19.
Bajaj, M. (2018). Conceptualizing transformative agency in education for peace, human rights, and social justice. International Journal of Human Rights Education, 2(1), 13.
Banks, J. A. (2008). An Introduction to Multicultural Education. Pearson.
Banks, J. A. (2022). Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives. Routledge.
Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2010). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. London: Paladin.
Bayındır, T. (2022). Kültürel Okuryazarlık. In H. Akyol & B. Delican (Eds.), Yeni Okuryazarlıklar (111–120). Pegem Akademi.
Beelen, J., & Jones, E. (2015). Redefining internationalization at home. In The European higher education area: Between critical reflections and future policies (p. 59-72). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 147-165). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Broudy, H. S. (1990). Cultural literacy and general education. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 24(1), 7-16.
Byram, M. (2020). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence: Revisited. Multilingual Matters.
Campbell, M. B. (1988). ED Hirsch, Jr.'s" Cultural Literacy": Quality of Life or Mere Level of Brow? Teacher Eduation Quartely, 15(3), 81-91.
Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Chancel, L. (2020). Unsustainable inequalities: Social justice and the environment. Harvard University Press.
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2012). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In Communication yearbook 19 (pp. 353-383). Routledge.
Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2017). The Mediated Construction of Reality. Polity Press.
Davis, M. H. (2018). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Routledge.
De Wit, H., & Jones, E. (2018). Inclusive internationalization: Improving access and equity. International Higher Education, 94, 16-18.
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of studies in international education, 10(3), 241-266.
Deardorff, D. K. (2020). Manual for developing intercultural competencies: Story circles. UNESCO Publishing.
Eisner, E. (2003). The arts and the creation of mind. Yale University Press.
Erden, O. (2023). The effect of local discourses adapted by teachers on Syrian child refugees’ schooling experiences in Turkey. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 27(3), 273-287.
Erden-Basaran, O. & Erden, E. (2021). Öğrenmede evrensel tasarımın temelleri. [Foundations of Universal Design for Learning]. In S. Demir Başaran (Ed.) Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım Kapsayıcı Eğitimi Sağlamada Kuramsal ve Uygulamalı Bir Çerçeve. Pegem Yayınları.
Erden-Basaran, O., & Gursel-Bilgin, G. (2023). University as a Place for Personal Renaissance: Future-teachers’ University Experiences as Agents for Learning and Teaching Peace. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 12(2), 252-263.
Erden-Başaran, Ö., & Uğurel-Kamışlı, M. Eğitimde Kültürlerarası İletişim. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Erstad, O. (2011). Citizens navigating in literate worlds: The case of digital literacy. In Deconstructing digital natives (pp. 99-118). Routledge.
Faist, T. (2016). Cross-border migration and social inequalities. Annual review of Sociology, 42(1), 323-346.
Gay, G. (2018). Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice. Teachers College Press.
Gil Quintana, J., & Osuna-Acedo, S. (2020). Transmedia practices and collaborative strategies in informal learning of adolescents. Social Sciences, 9(6), 92.
Gursel-Bilgin, G., Erden-Basaran, O., & Flinders, D. J. (2023). Turkish Pre-service Teachers' Understandings of War, Peace, and Peace Education. International Journal of Educational Research, 117, 102112.
Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs identity? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity (pp. 1–17). Sage Publications.
Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
Hernandez, A. (2022). Closing the achievement gap in the classroom through culturally relevant pedagogy. Journal of Education and Learning, 11(2), 1-21.
Hirsch, E. D. (1983). Cultural literacy. The American Scholar, 159-169.
Hirsch, E. D. (1987). Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Houghton Mifflin.
Jarvis, P. (2009). Learning to be a person in society: Learning to be me. In K. Illeris (Ed.), Contemporary theories of learning (pp. 21-34). Routledge.
Karagöz, S. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Dindarlık, Empatik Eğilim ve Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 20(44), 549-586.
Kıvrak, A. K., Özden, M., & Erbaş, Y. H. (2023). Kültürel Okuryazar mıyım? Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, (19), 23-40.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.
Kosmoski, G. J., Gay, G., & Vockell, E. L. (1990). Cultural literacy and academic achievement. The Journal of experimental education, 58(4), 265-272.
Köçer, N. (2025). Türkiye yüzyılı maarif modeli Türkçe dersi öğretim programı ve 5. Sınıf Türkçe ders kitabının kültür okuryazarlığı bağlamında incelenmesi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 14(1), 161-171.
Kraidy, M. (2022). The Naked Blogger of Cairo: Creative Insurgency in the Arab World. Harvard University Press.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Clarendon Press.
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural competence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 489-519.
Maine, F., Cook, V., & Lähdesmäki, T. (2019). Reconceptualizing cultural literacy as a dialogic practice. London Review of Education, 17(3), 383–392.
May, S., & Sleeter, C. E. (Eds.). (2010). Critical Multiculturalism: Theory and Praxis. Routledge.
Mullican, J. S. (1991). Cultural literacy: whose culture? Whose Literacy? English Education, 23(4), 244-250.
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press.
Noddings, N. (2018). Philosophy of education. Routledge.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press.
O’Callaghan, K. A., Nunn, P. D., Casey, S., Crimmins, G., & Dugmore, H. (2025). Speaking of Climate Change: Reframing Effective Communication for Greater Impact. Climate, 13(4), 69.
O'Dowd, R. (2020). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 53(4), 477-490.
OECD (2018). Teaching for the Future: Effective Classroom Practices to Transform Education. OECD Publishing.
Paige, R. M., Stallman, E. M., & Josić, J. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long‐term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20(sup1), S29-S44.
Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin.
Parker, W. C. (2023). Education for liberal democracy: Using classroom discussion to build knowledge and voice. Teachers College Press.
Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2021). You are here: A field guide for navigating polarized speech, conspiracy theories, and our polluted media landscape. MIT Press.
Riecken, T. J., & Court, D. (1992). Extending cultural literacy. The Journal of Educational Thought (JET)/Revue de la Pensée Educative, 152-163.
Scott, P. (1988). A few words more about ED Hirsch and Cultural literacy. College English, 50(3), 333-338.
Sen, A. (2007). Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny (issues of our time). WW Norton & Company.
Sleeter, C. E., & Zavala, M. (2020). Transformative ethnic studies in schools: Curriculum, pedagogy, and research. Teachers College Press.
Tombleson, B., & Wolf, K. (2017). Rethinking the circuit of culture: How participatory culture has transformed cross-cultural communication. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 14-25.
Turner, V., Abrahams, R., & Harris, A. (2017). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Routledge.
UNESCO. (2015). Rethinking education: Towards a global common good? UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO. (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives. Paris: UNESCO.
Yılmaz, A. D. (2025). Türkiye’de Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerin Kültürel Duyarlılık Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Anadolu Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(2), 389-402.
Zuboff, S. (2023). The age of surveillance capitalism. In W. Longhofer & D. Winchester, Social theory re-wired (pp. 203-213). Routledge.
