Finansal Okuryazarlık
Özet
Dünyada yaşanan teknolojik değişimler, internetin ve dijitalleşmenin yaşamın her alanında etkinliğini artırması, finansal piyasalarda da ürün ve hizmet açısından ciddi dönüşümlere yol açmaktadır. Finansal alanda karar verme için gerekli bilgi ve becerilerin temel bir göstergesi olan Finansal Okuryazarlık dijitalleşen dünyada artık bireyler, işletmeler ve hükümetler açısından daha kritik hale gelmiştir. Geleneksel finansal okuryazarlıktan, finans bilgi ve becerileri yanında dijital araçların etkin kullanımını sağlamayı hedefleyen dijital okuryazarlığa geçilmiştir. Tüketicilerin teknolojideki gelişmeler çerçevesinde finansal teknoloji ürün ve hizmetlerinden etkili şekilde yararlanmaları ve riskli hatalardan kaçınmaları için dijital finansal bilgiye sahip olmaları gereklidir. Finansal okuryazarlık Birleşmiş Milletlerin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerine ulaşmak için de kritik öneme sahiptir. Finansal bağlamda etkin kararlar alma ve finansal katılımdaki artış bireylerin ve kurumların finansal dayanıklıklarını artırır, yoksulluğu ve cinsiyet eşitsizliğini azaltır, girişimciliği teşvik ederek toplumun rekabet gücünü ve ekonomik büyümeyi destekler. Ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliği sağlar. Ayrıca serbest çalışma ekonomisinin gelişmesi, emeklilik birikimlerinden, sigortalarına, bütçe ve yatırımlarını kadar birçok konuda bireylerin kendi finansal kararlarında daha fazla sorumluluk almalarını gerekli hale getirmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın ana hedefi, bireylerin ve toplumların tam potansiyellerine ulaşabilmeleri, dünyadaki teknolojideki değişimlere uyum sağlayabilmeleri ve finansal dayanıklıklarını artırabilmeleri için finansal okuryazarlığa sahip olmalarının gerekliliğine vurgu yapmaktır.
Referanslar
AFI. (2021, May 19). Digital Financial Literacy. https://www.afi-global.org/publication/digital-financial-literacy/
Altman, M. (2012). Implications of behavioural economics for financial literacy and public policy. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(5), 677-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2012.06.002
Basnayake, D., Naranpanawa, A., Selvanathan, S., & Bandara, J.S. (2024). Financial inclusion through digitalization and economic growth in Asia-Pacific countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 96(Part A), 103596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103596
Barroso, M., & Laborda, J. (2022). Digital transformation and the emergence of the Fintech sector: Systematic literature review. Digital Business, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100028
Beckett, M. (2024, January 10). History of the internet: A timeline throughout the years. https://www.uswitch.com/broadband/guides/broadband-history/
CapitalOne. (2024, March 14). Financial literacy: 5 basic concepts to know. https://www.capitalone.com/learn-grow/money-management/financial-literacy/
CFI. (t.y.). Financial literacy. Erişim tarihi 25 Nisan 2025, https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/wealth-management/financial-literacy/
Clichici, D., & Moagar-Poadian, S. (2022). Financial literacy, economic development and financial development: A cross-country analysis. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 22(1), 35-49.
Choung, Y., Chatterjee, S., & Pak, T-Y. (2023). Digital financial literacy and financial well-being, Finance Research Letters, 58(B),104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104438
Davoli, M., & Rodriguez-Planas, N. (2021). Preferences, financial literacy, and economic development (IZA DP No. 14759). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://ftp.iza.org/dp14759.pdf
Masimbi, D. (2025). The role of financial literacy in economic development: How knowledge shapes prosperity. MDS Consultancy Blog. https://mdsconsultancy.org
Elliehausen, G. (2018, October 15). Behavioral Economics, financial literacy, and consumers’ financial decisions. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_elliehausen-written-statement_symposium-behavioral-economics.pdf
Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. (t.y.) Make change that counts:
National financial literacy strategy 2021-2026. Erişim Tarihi 11 Mayıs 2025, https://www.canada.ca/en/financial-consumer-agency/programs/financial-literacy/financial-literacy-strategy-2021-2026.html#toc2
Faulkner, A. (2021). Financial literacy around the world: What we can learn from the national strategies and contexts of the top ten most financially literate nations. The Reference Librarian, 63(1-2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2021.2009955
IIugbusi, B. S., & Adisa, O. (2024). Behavioral economics in U.S. financial literacy programs: A comprehensive review - Evaluating the role of psychology-driven strategies in enhancing understanding and responsible financial behaviors among citizens. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 2384–2398. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0238
Imjai, N., Meesook, K., Somwethee, P., Usman, B., & Aujirapongpan,S. (2025). Exploring the impact of digital financial literacy to effective financial planning and control: Perspectives on competitiveness of Thai micropreneurs. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11,101307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101307
Investopedia. (2024, June 29). Financial literacy: What it is, and why it is so important to teach teens. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-literacy.asp
Ismail, N., Prieyaphorn, P.P., Nurul, A. M., & Seri Puteri Balqis, B.H. (2024). How Sustainable Development Goals shape personal finance. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13759.73128
İnternetin tarihi. (t.y). Vikipedi: Özgür Ansiklopedi. Erişim 19 Nisan 2025, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternetin_tarihi
Just Finance Foundation. (t.y.). Financial education and the UN Sustainability Development Goals. Erişim tarihi 9 Mayıs 2025, https://www.justfinancefoundation.org.uk/news/2024/9/24/financial-education-and-the-un-sustainability-development-goals
Klapper, L. F., Lusardi, A., & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). Financial literacy around the world: Insights from the Standard & Poor's ratings services global financial literacy survey. Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. https://gflec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Finlit_paper_16_F2_singles.pdf
Koefer, F., Bokkens, A., Preziuso, M., & Ehrenhard, M. (2024). Addressing financial and digital literacy challenges for inclusive finance: Insights from microfinance institutions and FinTech organisations (EIF Research and Market Analysis, Working Paper 2024/97).
Koskelainen, T., Kalmi, P., Scornavacca, E., & Vartiainen, T. (2022). Financial literacy in the digital age – A research agenda. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 57(2), 507-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12510
Kovacs, L., & Tertak, E. (2024). Thematic review of financial education and financial literacy in the digital age. Acta Oeconomica. 74(4), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.2024.00023
Kumar, P., Pillai, R., Kumar, N., & Tabash, M.I. (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capabil-ity, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review 23(1),169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012
Kurowski, L., & Szelagowska, A. (2025). Financial Literacy in the era of artifcial intelligence: Towards financial inclusion. Journal of Banking and Financial Economics, 2024(1),1-3.
Lakshmi, Y. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on financial literacy. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts. 5(5), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i5.2024.1606
Lanciano, E., Previati, D., Ricci, O., & Santilli, G. (2024). Financial literacy and sustainable finance decisions among Italian households, Journal of Economics and Business, 134-135, 106220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2024.106220
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2014). The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.5
Lusardi, A. (2019). Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications. Swiss J Economics Statistics, 155(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-019-0027-5
Lyons, A.C., & Kass-Hanna, J. (2021). A methodological overview to defining and measuring “digital” financial literacy, Financial Planning Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/cfp2.1113
Lyons, A. C., Kass-Hanna, J., Liu, F., Greenlee, A. J., & Zeng, L. (2020). Building financial resilience through financial and digital literacy in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 1098, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo
Morgan, P.J., & Long, T.Q. (2020). Financial literacy, financial inclusion, and savings behavior in Laos, Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 68, 101197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101197
Morgan, P.J., Huang, B., & Trinh, L.Q. (2019). The need to promote digital financial literacy for the digital age. https://t20japan.org/policy-brief-need-promote-digital-financial-literacy/
Nainggolan, R., Padmalia, M., Sitepu, R., Andrina, A.A.A.P., & Win, T. (2025). The effect of digital financial literacy on financial performance of MSMEs: A quasi-experimental study supporting SDG. Journal of Lifestyle & SDG’s Review, 5(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n03.pe03817
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). PISA 2022 assessment and analytical framework. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-assessment-and-analytical-framework_dfe0bf9c-en.html
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023b). OECD/INFE 2023 international survey of adult financial literacy. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-infe-2023-international-survey-of-adult-financial-literacy_56003a32-en.html
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025, March 7). Empowering young people in the digital financial age: The role of financial literacy. https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2025/03/the-role-of-financial-literacy.html
Raijas, A. (2021). Financial literacy and financial education in Northern Europe. In A. Aprea, E. Wuttke, K. Breuer, N. K. Koh, P. Davies, & J. S. Greimel-Fuhrmann (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of financial literacy, (1 st ed). Routledge.
Senaya, G.M. (2024). Financial literacy and its role in promoting sustainable investment. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24(1), 212-232. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.2986
Seldal, M.M.N., & Nyhus, E.K. (2022). Financial vulnerability, financial literacy, and the use of digital payment technologies. Journal of Consumer Policy, 45, 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-022-09512-9
Tay, L-Y., Tai, H-T., & Tan, G-S. (2022). Digital financial inclusion: A gateway to sustainable development. Heliyon, 8(6), e09766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09766
University of Pittsburgh, (2024, April 17). 5 key principles of financial literacy for mindful entrepreneurs. https://blog.innovation.pitt.edu/bigideacenter/key-principles-of-financial-literacy-for-mindful-entrepreneurs
Wafula, P.S. (2022, April 15). Financial literacy around the world. https://blogs.illinois.edu/view/7550/558591870
Yadav, M., & Banerji, P. (2024). Systematic literature review on digital financial literacy. SN Business & Economics, 4(11). Article 738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-024-00738-y
Yang, J., Wu,Y., & Huang, B. (2023). Digital finance and financial literacy: Evidence from Chinese households. Journal of Banking & Finance, 156, 107005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2023.107005
Yap, S., Lee, H.S., & Liew, P.X. (2023). The role of financial inclusion in achieving finance-related sustainable development goals (SDGs): a cross-country analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2023.2212028
World Bank. (2025, January 27). Financial inclusion. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview
Referanslar
AFI. (2021, May 19). Digital Financial Literacy. https://www.afi-global.org/publication/digital-financial-literacy/
Altman, M. (2012). Implications of behavioural economics for financial literacy and public policy. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(5), 677-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2012.06.002
Basnayake, D., Naranpanawa, A., Selvanathan, S., & Bandara, J.S. (2024). Financial inclusion through digitalization and economic growth in Asia-Pacific countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 96(Part A), 103596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103596
Barroso, M., & Laborda, J. (2022). Digital transformation and the emergence of the Fintech sector: Systematic literature review. Digital Business, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100028
Beckett, M. (2024, January 10). History of the internet: A timeline throughout the years. https://www.uswitch.com/broadband/guides/broadband-history/
CapitalOne. (2024, March 14). Financial literacy: 5 basic concepts to know. https://www.capitalone.com/learn-grow/money-management/financial-literacy/
CFI. (t.y.). Financial literacy. Erişim tarihi 25 Nisan 2025, https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/wealth-management/financial-literacy/
Clichici, D., & Moagar-Poadian, S. (2022). Financial literacy, economic development and financial development: A cross-country analysis. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 22(1), 35-49.
Choung, Y., Chatterjee, S., & Pak, T-Y. (2023). Digital financial literacy and financial well-being, Finance Research Letters, 58(B),104438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104438
Davoli, M., & Rodriguez-Planas, N. (2021). Preferences, financial literacy, and economic development (IZA DP No. 14759). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://ftp.iza.org/dp14759.pdf
Masimbi, D. (2025). The role of financial literacy in economic development: How knowledge shapes prosperity. MDS Consultancy Blog. https://mdsconsultancy.org
Elliehausen, G. (2018, October 15). Behavioral Economics, financial literacy, and consumers’ financial decisions. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_elliehausen-written-statement_symposium-behavioral-economics.pdf
Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. (t.y.) Make change that counts:
National financial literacy strategy 2021-2026. Erişim Tarihi 11 Mayıs 2025, https://www.canada.ca/en/financial-consumer-agency/programs/financial-literacy/financial-literacy-strategy-2021-2026.html#toc2
Faulkner, A. (2021). Financial literacy around the world: What we can learn from the national strategies and contexts of the top ten most financially literate nations. The Reference Librarian, 63(1-2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2021.2009955
IIugbusi, B. S., & Adisa, O. (2024). Behavioral economics in U.S. financial literacy programs: A comprehensive review - Evaluating the role of psychology-driven strategies in enhancing understanding and responsible financial behaviors among citizens. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 2384–2398. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0238
Imjai, N., Meesook, K., Somwethee, P., Usman, B., & Aujirapongpan,S. (2025). Exploring the impact of digital financial literacy to effective financial planning and control: Perspectives on competitiveness of Thai micropreneurs. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11,101307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101307
Investopedia. (2024, June 29). Financial literacy: What it is, and why it is so important to teach teens. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-literacy.asp
Ismail, N., Prieyaphorn, P.P., Nurul, A. M., & Seri Puteri Balqis, B.H. (2024). How Sustainable Development Goals shape personal finance. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13759.73128
İnternetin tarihi. (t.y). Vikipedi: Özgür Ansiklopedi. Erişim 19 Nisan 2025, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternetin_tarihi
Just Finance Foundation. (t.y.). Financial education and the UN Sustainability Development Goals. Erişim tarihi 9 Mayıs 2025, https://www.justfinancefoundation.org.uk/news/2024/9/24/financial-education-and-the-un-sustainability-development-goals
Klapper, L. F., Lusardi, A., & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). Financial literacy around the world: Insights from the Standard & Poor's ratings services global financial literacy survey. Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. https://gflec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Finlit_paper_16_F2_singles.pdf
Koefer, F., Bokkens, A., Preziuso, M., & Ehrenhard, M. (2024). Addressing financial and digital literacy challenges for inclusive finance: Insights from microfinance institutions and FinTech organisations (EIF Research and Market Analysis, Working Paper 2024/97).
Koskelainen, T., Kalmi, P., Scornavacca, E., & Vartiainen, T. (2022). Financial literacy in the digital age – A research agenda. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 57(2), 507-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12510
Kovacs, L., & Tertak, E. (2024). Thematic review of financial education and financial literacy in the digital age. Acta Oeconomica. 74(4), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.2024.00023
Kumar, P., Pillai, R., Kumar, N., & Tabash, M.I. (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capabil-ity, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review 23(1),169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.09.012
Kurowski, L., & Szelagowska, A. (2025). Financial Literacy in the era of artifcial intelligence: Towards financial inclusion. Journal of Banking and Financial Economics, 2024(1),1-3.
Lakshmi, Y. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on financial literacy. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts. 5(5), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i5.2024.1606
Lanciano, E., Previati, D., Ricci, O., & Santilli, G. (2024). Financial literacy and sustainable finance decisions among Italian households, Journal of Economics and Business, 134-135, 106220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2024.106220
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2014). The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.5
Lusardi, A. (2019). Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications. Swiss J Economics Statistics, 155(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-019-0027-5
Lyons, A.C., & Kass-Hanna, J. (2021). A methodological overview to defining and measuring “digital” financial literacy, Financial Planning Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/cfp2.1113
Lyons, A. C., Kass-Hanna, J., Liu, F., Greenlee, A. J., & Zeng, L. (2020). Building financial resilience through financial and digital literacy in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 1098, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo
Morgan, P.J., & Long, T.Q. (2020). Financial literacy, financial inclusion, and savings behavior in Laos, Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 68, 101197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101197
Morgan, P.J., Huang, B., & Trinh, L.Q. (2019). The need to promote digital financial literacy for the digital age. https://t20japan.org/policy-brief-need-promote-digital-financial-literacy/
Nainggolan, R., Padmalia, M., Sitepu, R., Andrina, A.A.A.P., & Win, T. (2025). The effect of digital financial literacy on financial performance of MSMEs: A quasi-experimental study supporting SDG. Journal of Lifestyle & SDG’s Review, 5(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n03.pe03817
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). PISA 2022 assessment and analytical framework. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-assessment-and-analytical-framework_dfe0bf9c-en.html
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023b). OECD/INFE 2023 international survey of adult financial literacy. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-infe-2023-international-survey-of-adult-financial-literacy_56003a32-en.html
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025, March 7). Empowering young people in the digital financial age: The role of financial literacy. https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2025/03/the-role-of-financial-literacy.html
Raijas, A. (2021). Financial literacy and financial education in Northern Europe. In A. Aprea, E. Wuttke, K. Breuer, N. K. Koh, P. Davies, & J. S. Greimel-Fuhrmann (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of financial literacy, (1 st ed). Routledge.
Senaya, G.M. (2024). Financial literacy and its role in promoting sustainable investment. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24(1), 212-232. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.2986
Seldal, M.M.N., & Nyhus, E.K. (2022). Financial vulnerability, financial literacy, and the use of digital payment technologies. Journal of Consumer Policy, 45, 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-022-09512-9
Tay, L-Y., Tai, H-T., & Tan, G-S. (2022). Digital financial inclusion: A gateway to sustainable development. Heliyon, 8(6), e09766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09766
University of Pittsburgh, (2024, April 17). 5 key principles of financial literacy for mindful entrepreneurs. https://blog.innovation.pitt.edu/bigideacenter/key-principles-of-financial-literacy-for-mindful-entrepreneurs
Wafula, P.S. (2022, April 15). Financial literacy around the world. https://blogs.illinois.edu/view/7550/558591870
Yadav, M., & Banerji, P. (2024). Systematic literature review on digital financial literacy. SN Business & Economics, 4(11). Article 738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-024-00738-y
Yang, J., Wu,Y., & Huang, B. (2023). Digital finance and financial literacy: Evidence from Chinese households. Journal of Banking & Finance, 156, 107005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2023.107005
Yap, S., Lee, H.S., & Liew, P.X. (2023). The role of financial inclusion in achieving finance-related sustainable development goals (SDGs): a cross-country analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2023.2212028
World Bank. (2025, January 27). Financial inclusion. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview
