Çoğulculuk ve Savunmacı Planlama Yaklaşımı
Özet
Savunmacı planlama 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ortaya çıkan sosyal ve siyasi koşullardan beslenen akılcı kapsamlı planlama ile adım adım planlama yaklaşımları ve bunları temel alan pratiklerin ardından geliştirilen bir planlama yaklaşımıdır. Tek bir otorite tarafından geliştirilen ve yegâne kamu yararının güdüldüğü iddiasını taşıyan fiziksel planlara karşı çıkan savunmacı planlama yaklaşımı, planlamanın gelecekte var olmasının koşulu olarak plancının teknik rollerden sıyrılması, toplumu gözlemleyip anlamaya çalışması, değer yargılarına sahip bir şekilde alternatif planlar geliştirilmesinin gerekliliği iddiasıyla Paul Davidoff tarafından kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu yaklaşımda; toplumda yer alan güç asimetrileriyle baş edemeyen, göz ardı edilen, ekonomik ve politik gücü olmayan, nüfus ve temsil açısından azınlıkta olan, planlama ve yasal süreçlere aşina olmayan ve hakları noktasında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmayan grupların savunucusu olarak kavramsallaştırılan plancı bir avukata benzetilmiştir. Savunmacı planlama yaklaşımı, alternatif planların üretilmesi, çoğulcu katılımın sağlanması ve muhalif çıkar grupları arasında müzakere zemininin kurulması başta olmak üzere geliştirildiği çağda yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak ortaya koyduğu olgularla planlama kuramına önemli katkılar yapmıştır. Savunmacı planlama, kent hakkı, adil şehir, katılım ve temsil tartışmaları açısından güncelliğini korumakla birlikte, yapısal güç ilişkilerini ve mekânsal eşitsizlikleri dönüştürme noktasındaki sınırlılıkları nedeniyle eleştirel biçimde değerlendirilmektedir.
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