Periferik Blok Uygulamalarında Adjuvan İlaçlar

Prabhakar A, Lambert T, Kaye RJ, et al. Adjuvants in clinical regional anesthesia practice: A comprehensive review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(4):415-423.

Gola W, Zając M, Cugowski A. Adjuvants in peripheral nerve blocks - the current state of knowledge. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(4):323-329.

Fernández Martin MT, Alvarez Lopez S, Aldecoa Alvarez-Santullano C. Role of adjuvants in regional anesthesia: A systematic review. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2023;70(2):97- 107.

Kalagac Fabris L. Pro and contra on adjuvants to neuroaxial anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks. Acta Clin Croat. 2022;61(Suppl 2):57-66.

G DEC, Levantesi L. Adjuvant drugs: should they always be utilized in multimodal peripheral nerve blocks? Minerva Anestesiol. 2022;88(7-8):535-537.

Edinoff AN, Houk GM, Patil S, et al. Adjuvant Drugs for Peripheral Nerve Blocks: The Role of Alpha-2 Agonists, Dexamethasone, Midazolam, and Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(3):e117197.

Singhal A, Taksande K. Role of Adjuvants in Enhancing the Efficacy and Duration of Anesthe- sia Blocks: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e69880.

Schubert AK, Seneviratne V, Stolz J, et al. The effect of adjuvants added to local anaesthetics for single-injection upper extremity peripheral regional anaesthesia: A systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023;40(9):672-690.

Chen Z, Liu Z, Feng C,et al. Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant in Peripheral Nerve Block. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:1463-1484.

Knight JB, Schott NJ, Kentor ML,et al. Neurotoxicity of common peripheral nerve block adju- vants. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28(5):598-604.

Tan ESJ, Tan YR, Liu CWY. Efficacy of perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone in pro- longing the duration of analgesia when administered with peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2022;75(3):255-265.

Albrecht E, Renard Y, Desai N. Intravenous versus perineural dexamethasone to prolong anal- gesia after interscalene brachial plexus block: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2024;133(1):135-145.

Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Optimal Dose of Perineural Dexamethasone to Prolong Analgesia After Brachial Plexus Blockade: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(1):270-309.

Holland D, Amadeo RJJ, Wolfe S, et al. Effect of dexamethasone dose and route on the duration of interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a randomi- zed controlled trial. Can J Anaesth. 2018;65(1):34-45.

Kim DH, Liu J, Beathe JC, et al. Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block with Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Standard Bupivacaine with Perineural Dexamethasone: A Noninferiority Trial. Anesthe- siology. 2022;136(3):434-447.

Zufferey PJ, Chaux R, Lachaud PA,et al. Dose-response relationships of intravenous and peri- neural dexamethasone as adjuvants to peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review and mo- del-based network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2024;132(5):1122-1132.

De Cassai A, Dost B, Bugada D, et al.Safety of clonidine and dexmedetomidine in peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review of preclinical evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2026;136(1):255-265.

Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, et al. Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve and plexus blocks: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(2):406- 415.

Kirksey MA, Haskins SC, Cheng J, et al. Local Anesthetic Peripheral Nerve Block Adjuvants for Prolongation of Analgesia: A Systematic Qualitative Review. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137312

Desai N, Albrecht E, El-Boghdadly K. Perineural adjuncts for peripheral nerve block. BJA Educ. 2019;19(9):276-282.

Song L, Tan S, Chen Q, et al. Effect of Fentanyl as an Adjuvant to Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Extremity Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Pain Res Manag. 2022;2022:8704569.

Gaetano D, Brunetti S, Lomonaco V, et al. Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthe- tic in Erector Spinae Plane Block: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life (Basel). 2026;16(5).

Williams BA, Hough KA, Tsui BY,et al. Neurotoxicity of adjuvants used in perineural anesthe- sia and analgesia in comparison with ropivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36(3):225-230.

Hussain N, Van den Langenbergh T, Sermer C,et al. Equivalent analgesic effectiveness between perineural and intravenous dexamethasone as adjuvants for peripheral nerve blockade: a syste- matic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2018;65(2):194-206.

Zhao WL, Ou XF, Liu J, et al. Perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in regional anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2017;10:1529-1543.

Pehora C, Pearson AM, Kaushal A,et al. Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11(11):CD011770.

Zorrilla-Vaca A, Li J. Dexamethasone Injected Perineurally is More Effective than Adminis- tered Intravenously for Peripheral Nerve Blocks: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(3):276-284.

John Reenas, Mckean G, Sarkar RA. Upper Limb Block Anesthesia. [Updated 2023 May 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531460/

Zhao ZF, Du L, Wang DX. Effects of dexmedetomidine as a perineural adjuvant for femoral nerve block: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240561.

Reysner M, Reysner T, Janusz P. Dexamethasone as a perineural adjuvant to a ropivacaine pop- liteal sciatic nerve block for pediatric foot surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-cont- rolled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2024.

Reysner T, Neumann-Podczaska A, Pietraszek P, et al. Reduced Ropivacaine Volume with Peri- neural Dexamethasone in PENG Block for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2025;14(24).

Singh R, Nazir N, Saxena A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound-Guided Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block for Proximal Fe- moral Fractures: A Randomised, Single-Centre Controlled Trial. Cureus. 2026;18(2):e102853.

Sreckovic S, Milovanovic D, Vukman P, et al. The effect of adding dexamethasone to adductor block and IPACK block on acute postoperative, rebound, and chronic pain following knee arth- roplasty-1-year follow-up. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1570795.

Herman J, Urits I, Eskander J, et al.Adductor Canal Block Duration of Analgesia Successfully Prolonged With Perineural Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone in Addition to IPACK Blo- ck for Total Knee Arthroplasty. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10566.

Chen Q, An R, Zhou J,et al. Clinical analgesic efficacy of dexamethasone as a local anesthetic ad- juvant for transversus abdominis plane block: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198923.

Sun Q, Liu S, Wu H. Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthetics in Transversus Ab- dominis Plane Block: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(4):375-384.

Xiong C, Han CP, Zhao D,et al. Comparing the effects of dexmedetomidine and dexamethaso- ne as perineural adjuvants on peripheral nerve block: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(34):e27064.