Laktoz İntoleransı ve Karbonhidrat Emilim Bozuklukları
Özet
Laktoz intoleransı ve diğer karbonhidrat emilim bozuklukları, gastroenteroloji ve birinci basamak pratikte en sık karşılaşılan diyet kaynaklı gastrointestinal yakınma nedenlerinden birini oluşturur. Bu başlık altında birbirinden farklı patogeneze sahip birçok durum yer alır: laktoz malabsorbsiyonu ve intoleransı, fruktoz malabsorbsiyonu, fruktanlar dahil diğer FODMAP bileşenlerine bağlı semptomlar ve karbonhidrat emilimini bozan ikincil nedenler. Laktoz malabsorbsiyonu, laktaz enziminin yetersizliği nedeniyle laktozun ince bağırsak düzeyinde emilememesidir; laktoz intoleransı ise buna ikincil gelişen gastrointestinal semptomları tanımlar. Bu iki kavram sıklıkla karıştırılmakta ve malabsorbsiyon saptanan her kişiye süt ürünlerini tamamen kesmesi önerilmektedir. Oysa kanıta dayalı yaklaşım dozun önemini vurgular: çoğu hasta 12 grama kadar laktozu (yaklaşık bir bardak süt) tolere edebilir; gereksiz kısıtlama kalsiyum ve D vitamini eksikliği ile osteoporoz riskini artırabilir. Bu bölümün amacı; laktoz intoleransı, fruktoz malabsorbsiyonu ve geniş FODMAP çerçevesindeki diğer karbonhidrat emilim bozukluklarının klinik değerlendirilmesi, tanı testleri ve diyetisyen-klinisyen birliği gerektiren tedavi yaklaşımını güncel kanıtlar ışığında sunmaktır.
Lactose intolerance and other carbohydrate malabsorption disorders represent one of the most common diet-related causes of gastrointestinal complaints encountered in gastroenterology and primary care practice. This category includes several conditions with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, such as lactose malabsorption and intolerance, fructose malabsorption, symptoms related to other FODMAP components including fructans, and secondary disorders that impair carbohydrate absorption. Lactose malabsorption refers to the inability to adequately absorb lactose in the small intestine due to lactase enzyme deficiency, whereas lactose intolerance describes the gastrointestinal symptoms that develop secondary to this malabsorption. These two concepts are frequently confused, and many individuals diagnosed with malabsorption are unnecessarily advised to completely avoid dairy products. However, evidence-based approaches emphasize the importance of dosage: most patients can tolerate up to 12 grams of lactose (approximately one glass of milk). Unnecessary dietary restriction may increase the risk of calcium and vitamin D deficiency as well as osteoporosis. The aim of this section is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based overview of the clinical evaluation, diagnostic testing, and multidisciplinary treatment approach—requiring collaboration between clinicians and dietitians— for lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, and other carbohydrate absorption disorders within the broader FODMAP framework.
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