Çölyak Hastalığı

Yazarlar

Ahmet Fatih Köse
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3626-7331

Özet

Çölyak hastalığı (CeD), buğday, arpa ve çavdarda bulunan gluten proteinlerine karşı kalıcı immün aracılı bir yanıt sonucu ince bağırsak mukozasında hasar ve malabsorbsiyonla karakterize sistemik bir otoimmün hastalıktır. Genetik yatkınlık (HLA-DQ2 veya HLA-DQ8 haplotipleri) taşıyan bireylerde glutene maruziyet T hücresi aracılığıyla inflamasyona ve Marsh sınıflamasıyla derecelendirilen villus atrofisine yol açar. Klinik tablo klasik malabsorbsiyondan tamamen asemptomatik tabloya kadar geniş bir yelpazeye yayılır.  Tanı; serolojik testler (anti-tTG IgA + total IgA) ve duodenum biyopsisinin birlikte yorumlanmasına dayanır. ACG 2023 ve ESsCD 2025 kılavuzları, anti-tTG IgA düzeyi normalin üst sınırının 10 katı ve üzerinde olan, EMA pozitifliği doğrulanmış olgularda biyopsisiz tanı seçeneğini tanımlamaktadır. Tek ve kesintisiz etkin tedavi ömür boyu tam glutensiz diyet (GFD) uygulamasıdır.  Son yıllarda glutenaz enzimleri (latiglutenase, zamaglutenase), TG2 inhibitörü (ZED1227), IL-15 blokeri (CALY- 002) ve immün tolerans indüktörleri (KAN-101) gibi GFD'ye ek veya alternatif tedavi adayları faz 1–2 klinik araştırmalarda incelenmektedir; ancak hiçbiri henüz onaylanmamıştır.

Celiac disease (CeD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and malabsorption resulting from a persistent immune-mediated response to gluten proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye. In genetically predisposed individuals carrying the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, exposure to gluten triggers T-cell–mediated inflammation and villous atrophy graded according to the Marsh classification. The clinical presentation ranges widely from classic malabsorption syndromes to completely asymptomatic disease.  Diagnosis is based on the combined interpretation of serologic testing (anti-tTG IgA together with total IgA levels) and duodenal biopsy findings. The ACG 2023 and ESsCD 2025 guidelines define a biopsy-free diagnostic approach in selected patients with anti-tTG IgA levels at least 10 times the upper limit of normal and confirmed EMA positivity. The only proven effective treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD).  In recent years, several adjunctive or alternative therapeutic candidates to GFD have been investigated in phase 1–2 clinical trials, including glutenase enzymes (latiglutenase, zamaglutenase), the TG2 inhibitor ZED1227, the IL-15 blocker CALY-002, and immune tolerance inducers such as KAN-101. However, none of these therapies has yet received regulatory approval.

Referanslar

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Yayınlanan

18 Ağustos 2026

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