İmplant/Protez/Ortez Tasarımı
Özet
Bu bölümde implant, protez ve ortez kavramları biyomalzeme ve biyomekanik bakış açısından ele alınarak aralarındaki temel farklılıklar açıklanmaktadır. İmplantlar vücut içine cerrahi yöntemlerle yerleştirilen biyouyumlu yapılardır. Protezler kaybedilen veya işlevini yitiren uzuv, organ ya da dokuların yerini alan yapay sistemlerdir. Ortezler ise vücut bölümlerini destekleyen, stabilize eden veya işlevlerini artıran cihazlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ortopedik vidalar, femoral saplar, diş implantları, göz, kol ve bacak protezleri ile farklı uygulamalar üzerinden örnekler sunulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte katmanlı imalat teknolojilerinin kişiye özel implant ve protez üretimindeki rolü incelenmektedir. Kişiselleştirilmiş tasarım süreçleri, BT veya MRG görüntülerinin elde edilmesi, görüntülerin bölümlenmesi, anatomik modelin oluşturulması, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve sonlu elemanlar analizi aşamaları ile açıklanmaktadır. Sonlu elemanlar analizi ve hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiğinin gerilme dağılımı, deformasyon, yorulma, akış davranışı ve cerrahi planlama açısından sağladığı katkılar vurgulanmaktadır.
This chapter examines implants, prostheses, and orthoses from biomaterials and biomechanical perspectives and clarifies the fundamental differences among these concepts. Implants are defined as biocompatible structures surgically placed inside the body, whereas prostheses replace missing or functionally impaired limbs, organs, or tissues. Orthoses are external or supportive devices used to stabilize, assist, or improve the function of body segments. Representative applications, including orthopedic screws, femoral stems, dental implants, ocular prostheses, upper- and lower-limb prostheses, and orthotic devices, are presented. The chapter also discusses the growing role of additive manufacturing in producing patient-specific implants and prostheses. The personalized design workflow is described through medical imaging using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, image segmentation, anatomical model reconstruction, computer-aided design, and finite element analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics to evaluate stress distribution, deformation, fatigue resistance, fluid behaviour, implant–tissue interaction, and long-term mechanical performance. These engineering methods also support design optimization, material selection, surgical simulation, and patient-specific preoperative planning.
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Gok K. Investigation of the use of silicone pads to reduce the effects on the human face of classical face masks used to prevent from COVID-19 and other infections. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 2021;235(5):1742-7.
