Kasların Biyomekaniği

Takagaki Y, Yamagishi H, Matsuoka R. Chapter four - Factors Involved in Signal Transduction During Vertebrate Myogenesis. In: Jeon KW, editor. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. 296: Academic Press; 2012. p. 187-272.

Sweeney HL, Hammers DW. Muscle Contraction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biology. 2018;10(2).

Henderson CA, Gomez CG, Novak SM, et al. Overview of the Muscle Cytoskeleton. Comprehensive Physiology. 2017;7(3):891-944.

Marcadet L, Bouredji Z, Argaw A, Frenette J. The Roles of RANK/RANKL/OPG in Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth Muscles in Health and Disease. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2022;10:903657.

Shadrin IY, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Striated muscle function, regeneration, and repair. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2016;73(22):4175-202.

Gollapudi S, Michael J, Chandra M. Striated Muscle Dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press; 2014.

Lin BL, Song T, Sadayappan S. Myofilaments: Movers and Rulers of the Sarcomere. Comprehensive Physiology. 2017;7(2):675-92.

Parmentier E, Thiry M. A new organisational design in skeletal muscle fibres. Cell and Tissue Research. 2023;393(1):111-7.

Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of Physiology. 2008;586(1):11-23.

Roig M, O'Brien K, Kirk G, Murray R, McKinnon P, Shadgan B, et al. The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009;43(8):556-68.

Gash MC, Kandle PF, Murray IV, Varacallo MA. Physiology, Muscle Contraction. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2026.

Scott W, Stevens J, Binder-Macleod SA. Human skeletal muscle fiber type classifications. Physical Therapy. 2001;81(11):1810-6.

Physiopedia. Muscle Fibre Types. [Online] https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Muscle_Fibre_Types&oldid=288185.

Hafen BB, Burns B. Physiology, Smooth Muscle. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2026.

Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Johnson GT (eds.). Cell Biology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017.

Wang K, Wang X, Wang Y. Factors, mechanisms and improvement methods of muscle strength loss. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2024;12:1509519.

Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;12:742034.

Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing Maximal Neuromuscular Power. Sports Medicine. 2011;41(1):17-38.

Benzon HT, Raja SN, Molloy RE, et al. (eds.). Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.

Radák Z. Chapter 2 - Skeletal Muscle, Function, and Muscle Fiber Types. In: Radák Z, editor. The Physiology of Physical Training: Academic Press; 2018. p. 15-31.

Stotz A, Maghames E, Mason J, Groll A, Zech A. Maximum isometric torque at individually-adjusted joint angles exceeds eccentric and concentric torque in lower extremity joint actions. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;14(1):13.

Stotz A, Maghames E, Mason J, Groll A, Zech A. Maximum isometric torque at individually-adjusted joint angles exceeds eccentric and concentric torque in lower extremity joint actions. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;14(1):13.

Hollander DB, Kraemer RR, Kilpatrick MW, Ramadan ZG, Reeves GV, Francois M, et al. Maximal eccentric and concentric strength discrepancies between young men and women for dynamic resistance exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007;21(1):34-40.

Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard P, Blazevich AJ, Folland J, Tillin N, Duchateau J. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2016;116(6):1091-116.

Mota JA, Gerstner GR, Giuliani HK. Motor unit properties of rapid force development during explosive contractions. The Journal of Physiology. 2019;597(9):2335-6.

Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2022;32(4):685-97.

Salvage SC, Jackson AP, Huang CLH. Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle. In: Zaidi M, editor. Encyclopedia of Bone Biology. Oxford: Academic Press; 2020. p. 247-69.

Rockenfeller R, Günther M, Clemente CJ, Dick TJM. Rethinking the physiological cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle reveals the mechanical advantage of pennation. Royal Society Open Science. 2024;11(9):240037.

SN DEO, Zapello GMB, Knihs DA, Fischer G, Moro ARP. Muscle Architecture and Maximal Strength between Male Practitioners of Functional Fitness Training and Strength Training. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2023;16(7):1142-53.

Herzog W, Powers K, Johnston K, Duvall M. A new paradigm for muscle contraction. Frontiers in Physiology. 2015;6:174.

Lichtwark GA, Farris DJ, Chen X, Hodges PW, Delp SL. Microendoscopy reveals positive correlation in multiscale length changes and variable sarcomere lengths across different regions of human muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985). 2018;125(6):1812-20.

Sahinis C, Amiridis IG, Kellis E. Neuromechanical basis of region-specific differences and their implications for sport performance and injury prevention: a narrative review. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2025;125(12):3417-40.

Lundberg T, McPhee J. Chapter 2 - Muscle adaptations and fatigue. In: Porter S, Wilson J, editors. A Comprehensive Guide to Sports Physiology and Injury Management. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier; 2020. p. 7-13.

Qaisar R, Bhaskaran S, Van Remmen H. Muscle fiber type diversification during exercise and regeneration. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2016;98:56-67.

Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Fiber Types in Mammalian Skeletal Muscles. Physiological Reviews. 2011;91(4):1447-531.

Qaisar R. Fiber-type-specific architecture and pathophysiology of the neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience. 2026;597:13-26.

Plotkin DL, Roberts MD, Haun CT, Schoenfeld BJ. Muscle Fiber Type Transitions with Exercise Training: Shifting Perspectives. Sports (Basel). 2021;9(9).

Rodríguez Cruz PM, Cossins J, Beeson D, Vincent A. The Neuromuscular Junction in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Governing Synaptic Formation and Homeostasis. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2020;13:590736.

Borzuola R, Giombini A, Torre G, Campi S, Albo E, Bravi M, et al. Central and Peripheral Neuromuscular Adaptations to Ageing. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(3).

Santello M, Fuglevand AJ. Role of across-muscle motor unit synchrony for the coordination of forces. Experimental Brain Research. 2004;159(4):501-8.

Liang C, Liu H. Effects and mechanisms of resistance training on corticospinal adaptation. Frontiers in Physiology. 2025;16:1569639.

Weavil JC, Amann M. Corticospinal excitability during fatiguing whole body exercise. Progress in Brain Research. 2018;240:219-46.

Rudolph KS, Cloutier M, Stackhouse S. Pain inhibition-the unintended benefit of electrically elicited muscle strengthening contractions. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023;24(1):131.

Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1988;20(5 Suppl):S135-45.

Taylor JL, Amann M, Duchateau J, Meeusen R, Rice CL. Neural Contributions to Muscle Fatigue: From the Brain to the Muscle and Back Again. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2016;48(11):2294-306.

Kamrani P, Marston G, Arbor TC, Jan A. Anatomy, Connective Tissue. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2026.

Lieber R, Ward S. Skeletal muscle design to meet functional demands. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological sciences. 2011;366:1466-76.

O'Brien TD, Reeves ND, Baltzopoulos V, Jones DA, Maganaris CN. The effects of agonist and antagonist muscle activation on the knee extension moment-angle relationship in adults and children. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009;106(6):849-56.

Latash ML. Muscle coactivation: definitions, mechanisms, and functions. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2018;120(1):88-104.

An KN. Muscle force and its role in joint dynamic stability. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002(403 Suppl):S37-42.

Baratta R, Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Letson D, Chuinard R, D'Ambrosia R. Muscular coactivation. The role of the antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;16(2):113-22.

Huang H, Xie H, Zhang G, Xiao W, Ge L, Chen S, et al. Effects of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization training on the core muscle contractility and standing postural control in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025;26(1):213.

Mongold SJ, Georgiev C, Legrand T, Yildiran Carlak E, Iannotta A, Cabaraux P, et al. Aging-related changes in neuromuscular control strategies and their influence on postural stability. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):30127.

Clark NC. Sensorimotor control of functional joint stability: Scientific concepts, clinical considerations, and the articuloneuromuscular cascade paradigm in peripheral joint injury. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2024;74:103198.

Tayfur B, Charuphongsa C, Morrissey D, Miller SC. Neuromuscular joint function in knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2023;66(2):101662.

Concha-Cisternas Y, Piñero JC, Celis-Morales C, Valdés-Badilla P, Núñez-Espinosa C, Cigarroa I, et al. Effects of neuromuscular training on proprioception and muscular reaction time in older woman: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2025;82:102994.

Yılmaz O, Soylu Y, Erkmen N, Kaplan T, Batalik L. Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: a systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2024;16(1):149.

Xu W, Ghaziani AO, Khanduja V, Pattyn C, Duquesne K, Van Couwenberghe G, et al. Anatomy, biomechanics and function of the hip capsule: A narrative review from a surgeons perspective. Clinical Biomechanics. (Bristol). 2025;127:106588.

Wang C, Fu R, Yang H. Toward a clear relationship between mechanical signals and bone adaptation. Mechanobiology in Medicine. 2025;3(1):100115.

Chen N, Danalache M, Liang C, Alexander D, Umrath F. Mechanosignaling in Osteoporosis: When Cells Feel the Force. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(9):4007.

Ma J, Wen J, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Xiao Q, et al. The regional impact of exercise on bone density in older adults: a meta-analysis with molecular mechanism insights. Geriatric Nursing. 2025;65:103451.

Li Y, Saibon JB, Mo W, Xu J. Effects of Physical Exercise on Whole-Body Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2026;18(2):288-97.

Bruyère O, Scott D, Papaioannou A, Buehring B, Camargos BM, Chapurlat R, et al. The Impact of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity on Bone Health: A Narrative Review from the Rehabilitation Working Group of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Calcified Tissue International. 2025;116(1):109.

Porto AB, Nascimento Guimarães A, Alves Okazaki VH. The effect of exercise on postural alignment: A systematic review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2024;40:99-108.

Barassi G, Di Simone E, Galasso P, Cristiani S, Supplizi M, Kontochristos L, et al. Posture and Health: Are the Biomechanical Postural Evaluation and the Postural Evaluation Questionnaire Comparable to and Predictive of the Digitized Biometrics Examination? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(7):3507.

Fasser M-R, Furrer PR, Fisler L, Urbanschitz L, Snedeker JG, Farshad M, et al. The triadic relationship between spinal posture, loading, and degeneration. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2025;13:1556889.

Lee N, Kang H, Shin G. Use of antagonist muscle EMG in the assessment of neuromuscular health of the low back. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2015;34(1):18.

Chen L, Zhang Z, Liu X. Role and Mechanism of Mechanical Load in the Homeostasis of the Subchondral Bone in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Inflammation Research. 2024;17:9359-78.

Van Rossom S, Wesseling M, Smith CR, Thelen DG, Vanwanseele B, Dieter VA, et al. The influence of knee joint geometry and alignment on the tibiofemoral load distribution: A computational study. Knee. 2019;26(4):813-23.

Wang Y, Wu Z, Chen Z, Ye X, Chen G, Yang J, et al. Proprioceptive Training for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Medicine. (Lausanne). 2021;8:699921.

de la Motte SJ, Lisman P, Gribbin TC, Murphy K, Deuster PA. Systematic Review of the Association Between Physical Fitness and Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: Part 3-Flexibility, Power, Speed, Balance, and Agility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019;33(6):1723-35.

Drigny J, Gauthier A, Reboursière E, Guermont H, Gremeaux V, Edouard P. Shoulder Muscle Imbalance as a Risk for Shoulder Injury in Elite Adolescent Swimmers: A Prospective Study. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2020;75:103-13.

Kacprzak B, Stańczak M, Surmacz J, Hagner-Derengowska M. Biophysics of ACL Injuries. Orthopaedic Reviews. 2024;16:126041.

Zemková E, Zapletalová L. The Role of Neuromuscular Control of Postural and Core Stability in Functional Movement and Athlete Performance. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13:796097.

Pienciak-Siewert A, Horan DP, Ahmed AA. Role of muscle coactivation in adaptation of standing posture during arm reaching. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2020;123(2):529-47.

Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking: part II: lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications. Gait & Posture. 2003;17(1):1-17.

Olmo MD, Domingo R. EMG Characterization and Processing in Production Engineering. Materials (Basel). 2020;13(24).

Wu Y, Ángeles Martínez Martínez M, Orizaola P. Overview of the Application of EMG Recording in the Diagnosis and Approach of Neurological Disorders. In: Turker H, editor. Electrodiagnosis in New Frontiers of Clinical Research. London: IntechOpen; 2013.

Raez MB, Hussain MS, Mohd-Yasin F. Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications. Biological Procedures Online. 2006;8:11-35.

Tiwari V, Khare S, Sharma K, Shrivastava A, Geddam R, Awais M, et al. From muscle potentials to computer interfaces: A multiscale review of electromyography for clinical and computational applications. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research. 2026;51:100969.

Rock K, Addison O, Gray VL, Henshaw RM, Ward C, Marchese V. Skeletal Muscle Measurements in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Essential Components to a Comprehensive Assessment. Children (Basel). 2023;10(1).

Naqvi U, Margetis K, Sherman AL. Muscle Strength Grading. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2026.

Baltzopoulos V, Brodie DA. Isokinetic dynamometry. Applications and limitations. Sports Medicine. 1989;8(2):101-16.

Figueiredo PHS, Veloso LRdS, Lima MMO, Vieira CFD, Alves FL, Lacerda ACR, et al. The reliability and validity of the 30-seconds sit-to-stand test and its capacity for assessment of the functional status of hemodialysis patients. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2021;27:157-64.

Park TS, Shin MJ. Comprehensive Assessment of Lower Limb Function and Muscle Strength in Sarcopenia: Insights from the Sit-to-Stand Test. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research. 2024;28(1):1-8.

Niewiadomski W, Laskowska D, Gąsiorowska A, Cybulski G, Strasz A, Langfort J. Determination and Prediction of One Repetition Maximum (1RM): Safety Considerations. Journal of Human Kinetics - J HUM KINET. 2008;19:109-20.

Constantin-Teodosiu D, Constantin D. Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(21).

Moldover JR, Borg-Stein J. Chapter 15 - Exercise and Fatigue. In: Downey JA, Myers SJ, Gonzalez EG, Lieberman JS, editors. The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine (Second Edition): Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994. p. 393-411.

Tornero-Aguilera JF, Jimenez-Morcillo J, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Physical Exercise Explained: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(7).

Flores DV, Mejía Gómez C, Estrada-Castrillón M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.

Roberts TJ, Konow N. How tendons buffer energy dissipation by muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2013;41(4):186-93.

Lieber RL. Biomechanical response of skeletal muscle to eccentric contractions. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2018;7(3):294-309.

Qian Z, Ping L, Xuelin Z. Re examining the mechanism of eccentric exercise induced skeletal muscle damage from the role of the third filament, titin (Review). Biomedical Reports. 2024;20(1):14.

Edouard P, Reurink G, Mackey AL, Lieber RL, Pizzari T, Järvinen TAH, et al. Traumatic muscle injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2023;9(1):56.

Andrews MH, Shield AJ, Lichtwark GA, Pincheira PA. Hamstring Injury Mechanisms and Eccentric Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations: Current Insights and Future Directions. Sports Medicine. 2025;55(10):2429-43.

Harper DJ, McBurnie AJ, Santos TD, Eriksrud O, Evans M, Cohen DD, et al. Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Performance Requirements of Horizontal Deceleration: A Review with Implications for Random Intermittent Multi-Directional Sports. Sports Medicine. 2022;52(10):2321-54.

Jakobsen JR, Krogsgaard MR. The Myotendinous Junction—A Vulnerable Companion in Sports. A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;12:635561.

Hagos A, Merchant AA, Kayani B, Yasen AT, Haddad FS. Risk factors and injury prevention strategies for hamstring injuries: a narrative review. EFORT Open Reviews. 2025;10(8):636-45.

Mersmann F, Bohm S, Domroes T, Weidlich K, Arampatzis A. Personalized Injury Risk Assessment and Exercise Prescription Based on Tendon Strain. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2025;53(2):77-86.

Fan P, Kim Y, Han DW, Kim S, Wang T. Alterations in the Neuromuscular Control Mechanism of the Legs During a Post-Fatigue Landing Make the Lower Limbs More Susceptible to Injury. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025;12(3).

Peitola JPJ, Esrafilian A, Simonsen MB, Andersen MS, Korhonen RK. Reduced Muscle Strength Can Alter the Impact of Gait Modifications on Knee Cartilage Mechanics. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2025;43(9):1566-80.

Choudhary PK, Choudhary S, Saha S, Rajpoot YS, Ciocan VC, Nicolae-Lucian V, et al. Lower-Limb Biomechanical Adaptations to Exercise-Induced Fatigue During Running: A Systematic Review of Injury-Relevant Mechanical Changes. Life (Basel). 2026;16(2).

Hu J, Ding Z, Bull AMJ. Alterations in Muscle Coordination to Reduce Knee Joint Loading for People with Limb Loss. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2025;53(4):935-45.

Noh JW, Park BS, Kim MY, Lee LK, Yang SM, Lee WD, et al. Analysis of isokinetic muscle strength for sports physiotherapy research in Korean ssireum athletes. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2015;27(10):3223-6.