Kemik ve Eklemlerin Biyomekaniği
Özet
Bu bölümde kemik ve eklemlerin biyomekanik davranışı, mühendislik ve biyoloji disiplinlerini bir araya getiren bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. İlk olarak kemik dokusunun hiyerarşik yapısı, organik ve inorganik bileşenleri ile mekanik özellikleri; anizotropi, viskoelastisite ve porozite gibi temel kavramlar çerçevesinde açıklanmaktadır. Ardından kemik dayanımı, kırılma mekaniği, çatlak ilerlemesi, yorulma davranışı, mikrohasar birikimi ve gerinim temelli hasar kriterleri güncel biyomekanik yaklaşımlar ışığında değerlendirilmektedir. Bölümde ayrıca kemik dokusunun çekme-basma asimetrisi, çok eksenli yükleme koşullarındaki davranışı ve sonlu elemanlar analizlerinde kullanılan biyomekanik değerlendirme kriterleri ele alınmaktadır. Son bölümde ise eklemlerin yapısal sınıflandırılması, sinovyal eklemlerin bileşenleri ve eklem biyomekaniğinin temel prensipleri ayrıntılı olarak sunulmaktadır. Bu bölüm; biyomedikal mühendisliği, ortopedi, biyomekanik ve biyomalzeme alanlarında çalışan araştırmacılar ile lisans, lisansüstü öğrenciler için kapsamlı bir başvuru kaynağı niteliğindedir.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the biomechanics of bones and joints by integrating principles of biology, mechanics, and biomedical engineering. It begins with the hierarchical organization of bone tissue, emphasizing its composition, anisotropic and viscoelastic behavior, porosity, and mechanical properties. The chapter further discusses bone strength, fracture mechanics, crack propagation, fatigue behavior, microdamage accumulation, and strain-based damage criteria within the context of contemporary biomechanical concepts. Special attention is given to the tensile-compressive asymmetry of bone tissue, multiaxial loading conditions, and biomechanical assessment methods commonly employed in finite element analysis. In addition, the structural classification of joints, the components of synovial joints, and the fundamental principles governing joint biomechanics are comprehensively presented. By combining theoretical concepts with engineering-based approaches, this chapter serves as a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and professionals working in biomechanics, biomedical engineering, orthopedics, biomaterials, and related fields.
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