Yenidoğan ve İnfantların Aşılanması
Özet
Yenidoğan ve süt çocukluğu döneminde uygulanan aşılar, bulaşıcı hastalıklara bağlı hastalık yükünü ve ölümleri azaltmada koruyucu sağlık hizmetlerinin temelini oluşturur. Zamanında yapılan aşılama, ciddi enfeksiyonların önüne geçilmesinde belirleyici rol oynar. Bu bölümde, BCG ve hepatit B aşılarının yenidoğan dönemindeki bağışıklık yanıtı, uygulama zamanlaması ve güvenlik verileri tartışılmaktadır. Bebeklik döneminde karma aşılar ile rotavirüs, pnömokok ve meningokok aşılarının takvim içindeki yeri açıklanmaktadır. Prematüre bebekler ve HBsAg pozitif anneden doğan bebeklere yönelik özel protokoller güncel literatürle birlikte sunulmaktadır. Ulusal aşı programlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan 2+1 ve 3+1 şemaları, hexavalent kombinasyon aşıların kullanımı, yeni nesil pnömokok konjuge aşıların (PCV15/PCV20) valans artışı ve maternal aşılamanın infant immün yanıtına etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Multidisipliner yaklaşım, güncel kılavuzlara uyum ve aile eğitimi, başarılı aşılama programlarının temel unsurlarıdır.
Vaccination during the neonatal and infant periods constitutes one of the most important components of primary preventive health services in reducing morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. This chapter addresses the immunological effects, timing, and safety profiles of BCG and hepatitis B vaccines administered during the neonatal period; the role of combination vaccines, rotavirus, pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccines in the infant immunization schedule; special vaccination protocols for premature infants and infants of HBsAg-positive mothers; vaccine safety, adverse event management, and strategies to combat vaccine hesitancy in light of current literature. The 2+1 and 3+1 schedules commonly used in national immunization programs, the use of hexavalent combination vaccines, the increased valency of new-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15/PCV20), and the effects of maternal vaccination on infant immune responses are discussed. A multidisciplinary approach, adherence to current guidelines, and family education are fundamental elements of successful vaccination programs.
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