Buzağılarda Büyümenin Fizyolojisi
Özet
Buzağılarda büyümenin fizyolojisi, doğum ağırlığı ile başlayan ve genetik potansiyel ile çevresel koşulların etkileşimi altında şekillenen dinamik bir süreçtir. Büyüme, hücre sayısındaki artış (hiperplazi) ve hücre hacmindeki artış (hipertrofi) mekanizmalarına dayanmakta olup, özellikle erken dönemde hücresel çoğalma, ilerleyen dönemlerde ise doku genişlemesi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu süreçte kas ve iskelet sistemi gelişimi, hayvanın ileri dönem performansını belirleyen temel unsurlar arasında yer alırken, sindirim sisteminin özellikle rumen gelişimi, besin maddelerinden yararlanma kapasitesini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Sütten kesim ve besi dönemine geçiş süreci, buzağının metabolik adaptasyonu açısından kritik bir evre olup, bu dönemde enerji ve protein arzının dengeli sağlanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Allometrik büyüme prensibi doğrultusunda farklı dokuların gelişim hızları değişiklik göstermekte ve bu durum canlı ağırlık artışının kompozisyonunu etkilemektedir. Genetik yapı, besleme düzeyi, sağlık durumu ve çevresel faktörler, büyümenin hem hızını hem de verim yönünü belirleyen başlıca etmenlerdir. Bu nedenle buzağı yetiştiriciliğinde büyüme fizyolojisinin doğru anlaşılması, sürdürülebilir ve verimli üretim için temel bir gerekliliktir.
The physiology of growth in calves is a dynamic process that begins with birth weight and is shaped by the interaction between genetic potential and environmental conditions. Growth is based on the mechanisms of an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) and an increase in cell size (hypertrophy); cellular proliferation predominates in the early stages, whereas tissue accretion becomes more prominent in later phases. In this process, the development of muscle and skeletal systems constitutes a fundamental determinant of subsequent performance, while the development of the digestive system—particularly the rumen—directly influences the capacity for nutrient utilization. The transition from milk feeding to the weaning and finishing phases represents a critical stage for the calf’s metabolic adaptation, during which a balanced supply of energy and protein is of paramount importance. In accordance with the principle of allometric growth, the growth rates of different tissues vary, thereby affecting the composition of body weight gain. Genetic background, nutritional level, health status, and environmental factors are the principal determinants of both the rate and efficiency of growth. Therefore, a proper understanding of growth physiology in calf rearing is essential for sustainable and efficient production.
Referanslar
Owens, F. N., Dubeski, P., & Hanson, C. F. (1993). Factors that alter the growth and development of ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 71(11), 3138–3150. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71113138x
Urie, N. J., Lombard, J. E., Shivley, C. B., Kopral, C. A., Adams, A. E., Earleywine, T. J., Olson, J. D., & Garry, F. B. (2018). Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(10), 9229–9244. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14019
Mousavi-Haghshenas, M. A., Hashemzadeh, F., Ghorbani, G. R., Ghasemi, E., Rafiee, H., & Ghaffari, M. H. (2022). Trace minerals source in calf starters interacts with birth weights to affect growth performance. Scientific Reports, 12, 18763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23459-4
Lawrence, T. L. J., & Fowler, V. R. (2002). Growth of farm animals (2nd ed.). CABI Publishing.
Baldwin, R. L., VI, McLeod, K. R., Klotz, J. L., & Heitmann, R. N. (2004). Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and postweaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(E. Suppl.), E55–E65. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70061-2
Khan, M. A., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2011). Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(3), 1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3733
Soberon, F., Raffrenato, E., Everett, R. W., & Van Amburgh, M. E. (2012). Preweaning milk replacer intake and effects on long-term productivity of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(2), 783–793.
Willemart, J. P., & Toutain, P. L. (1977). Croissance et anabolisants. In Le veau : Anatomie, physiologie, élevage, alimentation, production (pp. 135–158). Paris: Maloine.
Honig, A. C., Inhuber, V., Spiekers, H., Windisch, W., Götz, K.-U., & Ettle, T. (2022). Body composition and composition of gain of growing beef bulls fed rations with varying energy concentrations. Meat Science, 184, 108685. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108685
Pastoureau, P. (1990). Physiologie du développement du tissu osseux. INRA Productions Animales, 3(4), 265–273.
Langdahl, B., Ferrari, S., & Dempster, D. W. (2016). Bone modeling and remodeling: Potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 8(6), 225–235. doi:10.1177/1759720X16670154
Bolamperti, S., Villa, I., & Rubinacci, A. (2022). Bone remodeling: An operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence. Bone Research, 10, Article 48. doi:10.1038/s41413-022-00219-8
Toppets, V., Pastoret, V., De Behr, V., Antoine, N., Dessy, C., & Gabriel, A. (2004). Morphologie, croissance et remaniement du tissu osseux. Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire, 148, 1–13.
Jarrige, R. (1988). Alimentation des bovins, ovins et caprins. Paris: INRA.
Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G. R. S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M. J., & Cerri, P. S. (2015). Biology of bone tissue: Structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. BioMed Research International, 2015, 421746. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/421746
Dallas, S. L., Prideaux, M., & Bonewald, L. F. (2013). The osteocyte: An endocrine cell … and more. Endocrine Reviews, 34(5), 658–690. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2012-1026
Creecy, A., Damrath, J. G., & Wallace, J. M. (2021). Control of bone matrix properties by osteocytes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 578477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.578477
Rosenberg, N., Rosenberg, O., & Soudry, M. (2012). Osteoblasts in bone physiology—Mini review. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 3(2), e0013. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10080
Blair, H. C., Larrouture, Q. C., Li, Y., Lin, H., Beer-Stoltz, D., Liu, L., Tuan, R. S., Robinson, L. J., Schlesinger, P. H., & Nelson, D. J. (2017). Osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix formation in vivo and in vitro. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 23(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0454
Xu, F., & Teitelbaum, S. L. (2013). Osteoclasts: New insights. Bone Research, 1, 11–26. https://doi.org/10.4248/BR201301003
Kodama, J., & Kaito, T. (2020). Osteoclast multinucleation: Review of current literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165685
Welsch, U. (2004). Précis d’histologie: Cytologie, histologie, anatomie microscopique. Lavoisier.
Matic, I., Matthews, B. G., Wang, X., Dyment, N. A., Worthley, D. L., Rowe, D. W., Grcevic, D., Kalajzic, I. (2016). Quiescent bone lining cells are a major source of osteoblasts during adulthood. Stem Cells, 34(12), 2930–2942. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2474
Lee, J. Y., Yang, J.-Y., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Bone lining cells could be sources of bone marrow adipocytes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 766254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.766254
Boskey, A. L. (2013). Bone composition: Relationship to bone fragility and antiosteoporotic drug effects. BoneKEy Reports, 2, Article 447. https://doi.org/10.1038/bonekey.2013.181
Carvalho, M. S., Poundarik, A. A., Cabral, J. M. S., da Silva, C. L., & Vashishth, D. (2018). Biomimetic matrices for rapidly forming mineralized bone tissue based on stem cell-mediated osteogenesis. Scientific Reports, 8, Article 14388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32794-4
Nair, A. K., Gautieri, A., Chang, S.-W., & Buehler, M. J. (2013). Molecular mechanics of mineralized collagen fibrils in bone. Nature Communications, 4, Article 1724. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2720
Stock, S. R. (2015). The mineral–collagen interface in bone. Calcified Tissue International, 97(3), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-9984-6
Ma, C., Du, T., Niu, X., & Fan, Y. (2022). Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the bone matrix. Bone Research, 10, Article 59. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-022-00223-y
Little, N., Rogers, B., & Flannery, M. (2011). Bone formation, remodelling and healing. Surgery, 29(4), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2011.01.002
Sato, T., Hongo, H., Yamamoto, R., Yamamoto, T., Abe, M., & Amizuka, N. (2021). A quantitative analysis of bone lamellarity and bone collagen arrangement in the mouse femur. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 39, 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-021-01211-2
Lefèvre, E., Farlay, D., Bala, Y., Subtil, F., Wolfram, U., Rizzo, S., Baron, C., Zysset, P., & Boivin, G. (2019). Compositional and mechanical properties of growing cortical bone tissue: A study of the human fibula. Scientific Reports, 9, 17629. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54016-1
López, J. M. (2024). Bone development and growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(12), 6767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126767
Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O., & Wensing, C. J. G. (2009). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy (4th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
Singh, B. (Ed.). (2018). Dyce, Sack, and Wensing’s Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy (5th ed.). Saunders.
Kan, K. W., & Cruess, R. L. (1987a). Temporal relationship between fetal bovine skeletal growth and serum hormonal levels. Growth, 51(2), 207–219.
Kan, K. W., & Cruess, R. L. (1987b). Gestational changes of thyroid hormone action in the developing fetal bovine epiphysis. Calcified Tissue International, 41(6), 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02556672
Boswell, S. B., Patel, D. B., White, E. A., & Gottsegen, C. J. (2014). Musculoskeletal manifestations of endocrine disorders. Clinical Imaging, 38(4), 384–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.02.014
Kovacs, C. S. (2014). Bone development and mineral homeostasis in the fetus and neonate: Roles of the calciotropic and phosphotropic hormones. Physiological Reviews, 94(4), 1143–1218. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2014
Kovacs, C. S. (2015). Calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism in the fetus and newborn. Early Human Development, 91(11), 623–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.007
Galea, G. L., Zein, M. R., Allen, S., & Francis-West, P. (2021). Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Developmental Dynamics, 250(3), 414–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.278
Li, C., & Fennessy, P. (2021). The periosteum: A simple tissue with many faces, with special reference to the antler-lineage periostea. Biology Direct, 16, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13062-021-00310-w
Mackie, E. J., Ahmed, Y. A., Tatarczuch, L., Chen, K.-S., & Mirams, M. (2008). Endochondral ossification: How cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 40(1), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2007.06.009
Hallett, S. A., Ono, W., & Ono, N. (2019). Growth plate chondrocytes: Skeletal development, growth and beyond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(23), 6009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236009
Yang, Y. Q., Tan, Y. Y., Wong, R., Wenden, A., Zhang, L. K., & Rabie, A. B. M. (2012). The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in ossification. International Journal of Oral Science, 4(2), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2012.33
Xie, M., & Chagin, A. S. (2021). The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function. Bone, 142, 115701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701
Mackie, E. J., Tatarczuch, L., & Mirams, M. (2011). The growth plate chondrocyte and endochondral ossification. Journal of Endocrinology, 211(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-11-0048
Nilsson, O., & Baron, J. (2005). Impact of growth plate senescence on catch-up growth and epiphyseal fusion. Pediatric Nephrology, 20(3), 319–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-004-1689-4
Mescher, A. L. (2021). Junqueira’s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas (16th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Pawlina, W., & Ross, M. H. (2020). Histology: A Text and Atlas: With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Gillies, A. R., & Lieber, R. L. (2011). Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle & Nerve, 44(3), 318–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.22094
Purslow, P. P. (2020). The structure and role of intramuscular connective tissue in muscle function. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00495
Reece, W. O., Erickson, H. H., Goff, J. P., & Uemura, E. E. (Eds.). (2015). Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. John Wiley & Sons.
Du, M., Tong, J., Zhao, J., Underwood, K. R., Zhu, M., Ford, S. P., & Nathanielsz, P. W. (2010). Fetal programming of skeletal muscle development in ruminant animals. Journal of Animal Science, 88(suppl_13), E51–E60. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2311
Costa, T. C., Gionbelli, M. P., & Duarte, M. S. (2021). Fetal programming in ruminant animals: Understanding the skeletal muscle development to improve meat quality. Animal Frontiers, 11(6), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfab061
Picard, B., & Gagaoua, M. (2020). Muscle fiber properties in cattle and their relationships with meat qualities: An overview. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(22), 6021–6039. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02086
Yan, X., Zhu, M.-J., Dodson, M. V., & Du, M. (2013). Developmental programming of fetal skeletal muscle and adipose tissue development. Journal of Genomics, 1, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.7150/jgen.3930
Vernon, R. G. (1980). Lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of ruminant animals. Progress in Lipid Research, 19(1–2), 23–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(80)90007-7
Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Faulconnier Y, Bonnet M, Rouel J, Bocquier F. Adipose tissue metabolism and its role in adaptations to undernutrition in ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2000;59(1):127-134. doi:10.1017/S002966510000015X
Louveau, I., Perruchot, M. H., Bonnet, M., & Gondret, F. (2016). Invited review: Pre- and postnatal adipose tissue development in farm animals: From stem cells to adipocyte physiology. Animal, 10(11), 1839–1847. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000872
Bienboire-Frosini, C., Wang, D., Marcet-Rius, M., Villanueva-García, D., Gazzano, A., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Olmos-Hernández, A., Hernández-Ávalos, I., Lezama-García, K., Verduzco-Mendoza, A., Gómez-Prado, J., & Mota-Rojas, D. (2023). The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Thermoregulation during the Perinatal Period. Animals, 13(13), 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132173
Hood, R. L. (1982). Relationships among growth, adipose cell size, and lipid metabolism in ruminant adipose tissue. Federation Proceedings, 41(9), 2555–2561.
Hausman, G. J., Basu, U., Wei, S., Hausman, D. B., & Dodson, M. V. (2014). Preadipocyte and adipose tissue differentiation in meat animals: Influence of species and anatomical location. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2, 323–351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114211
Taga, H., Chilliard, Y., Meunier, B., Chambon, C., Picard, B., Zingaretti, M. C., Cinti, S., & Bonnet, M. (2012). Cellular and molecular large-scale features of fetal adipose tissue: Is bovine perirenal adipose tissue brown? Journal of Cellular Physiology, 227(4), 1688–1700. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22893
Landis, M. D., Carstens, G. E., McPhail, E. G., Randel, R. D., Green, K. K., Slay, L., & Smith, S. B. (2002). Ontogenic development of brown adipose tissue in Angus and Brahman fetal calves. Journal of Animal Science, 80(3), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.803591x
Ahn JS, Son GH, Kwon EG, Chung KY, Jang SS, Kim UH, Song JY, Lee HJ, Park BK. Intramuscular fat formation in fetuses and the effect of increased protein intake during pregnancy in Hanwoo cattle. J Anim Sci Technol 2023;65(4):818-837. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2023.e33
Toure, M. (2012). Effet de l’âge au sevrage sur les performances de croissance de veaux laitiers de race exotique élevés en région périurbaine de Dakar (Sénégal): Étude préliminaire [Doctoral dissertation, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, École Inter-États des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV)]. Dakar, Sénégal.
Heras, S., Lopes, J. S., Quintero-Moreno, A., Romero-Aguirregomezcorta, J., Canovas, S., Romar, R., & Coy, P. (2025). Growth Parameters and Growth-Related Hormone Profile in a Herd of Cattle up to 4 Years of Age Derived from Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Animals, 15(5), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050631
Hornick, J. L., Van Eenaeme, C., Gérard, O., Dufrasne, I., & Istasse, L. (2000). Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 19(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00072-2
Hocquette, J.-F., Cassar-Malek, I., Scalbert, A., & Guillou, F. (2010). Endocrine and metabolic regulation of muscle growth and body composition in cattle. Animal, 4(11), 1797–1809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001448
Ahunu, B. K., Arthur, P. F., & Kissiedu, H. W. A. (1997). Genetic and phenotypic parameters for birth and weaning weights of purebred and crossbred Ndama and West African Shorthorn cattle. Livestock Production Science, 51(1–3), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00064-X
Lopez, B. I., Santiago, K. G., Seo, K., Jeong, T., Park, J.-E., Chai, H.-H., Park, W., & Lim, D. (2020). Genetic Parameters of Birth Weight and Weaning Weight and Their Relationship with Gestation Length and Age at First Calving in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae). Animals, 10(6), 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061083
Pell, J. M., & Bates, P. C. (1990). The nutritional regulation of growth hormone action. Nutrition Research Reviews, 3(1), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19900011
Kerr, D. E., Manns, J. G., Laarveld, B., & Fehr, M. I. (1991). Profiles of serum IGF-I concentrations in calves from birth to eighteen months of age and in cows throughout the lactation cycle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 71(3), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-085
Lee, J. W., Kim, N. H., & Milanesi, A. (2014). Thyroid hormone signaling in muscle development, repair and metabolism. Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity, 2(3), 1046.
Hall, J. E., & Hall, M. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (14th ed.). Elsevier.
Khan, M. A., Bach, A., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2016). Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(2), 885–902. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9975
Diao, Q., Zhang, R., & Fu, T. (2019). Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves. Animals, 9(8), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080490
Górka, P., Kowalski, Z. M., Zabielski, R., & Guilloteau, P. (2018). Invited review: Use of butyrate to promote gastrointestinal tract development in calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(6), 4785–4800. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14086
Wattiaux, M. (1997). L’essentiel laitier. Institut Babcock, University of Wisconsin.
Başer, E. (2016). Buzağıların sütten kesim öncesi besleme prensipleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.282994
Porter, J. W. G. (1969). Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 28(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19690022
Braun, U., & Brammertz, C. (2015). Ultrasonographic examination of the oesophageal groove reflex in young calves under various feeding conditions. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 157(8), 457–463.
Guilloteau, P., Zabielski, R., Hammon, H. M., & Metges, C. C. (2009). Gastrointestinal tract and digestion in the young ruminant: Ontogenesis, adaptations, consequences and manipulations. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 60(Suppl. 3), 37–46.
Du, Y., Gao, Y., Hu, M., Hou, J., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Du, W., Liu, J., Liu, H., Wang, H., & Zhong, R. (2023). Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 14, Article 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00851-8
Arshad, M. A., Hassan, F. U., Rehman, M. S., Huws, S. A., Cheng, Y., & Din, A. U. (2021). Gut microbiome colonization and development in neonatal ruminants: Strategies, prospects, and opportunities. Animal Nutrition, 7(3), 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.004
Ghaffari, M. H., Hammon, H. M., & Koch, C. (2025). Early rumen development in calves: Biological processes and nutritional strategies—A mini-review. JDS Communications, 6(3), 427–431.
Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R., Abecia, L., & Newbold, C. J. (2015). Manipulating rumen microbiome and fermentation through interventions during early life: A review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01133
Li, K., Shi, B., & Na, R. (2023). The Colonization of Rumen Microbiota and Intervention in Pre-Weaned Ruminants. Animals, 13(6), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13060994
Davis, C. L., & Drackley, J. K. (1998). The development, nutrition, and management of the young calf. Iowa State University Press.
Godden, S. (2008). Colostrum management for dairy calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.005
Godden, S. M., Lombard, J. E., & Woolums, A. R. (2019). Colostrum management for dairy calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(3), 535–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.07.005
Soberon, F., & Van Amburgh, M. E. (2013). The effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of preweaned dairy calves on lactation milk yield as adults: A meta-analysis of current data. Journal of Animal Science, 91(2), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5834
Kertz, A. F., Reutzel, L. F., & Mahoney, J. H. (1984). Ad libitum water intake by neonatal calves and its relationship to calf starter intake, weight gain, feces score, and season. Journal of Dairy Science, 67(12), 2964–2969. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81660-4
Wickramasinghe, H. K. J. P., Kramer, A. J., & Appuhamy, J. A. D. R. N. (2019). Drinking water intake of newborn dairy calves and its effects on feed intake, growth performance, health status, and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(1), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15579
Bittar, C. M. M., Gallo, M. P., Silva, J. T., de Paula, M. R., Poczynek, M., & Mourão, G. B. (2020). Gradual weaning does not improve performance for calves with low starter intake at the beginning of the weaning process. Journal of dairy science, 103(5), 4672-4680. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17614
Welk, A., Neave, H. W., & Jensen, M. B. (2024). Invited review: The effect of weaning practices on dairy calf performance, behavior, and health—A systematic review. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(8), 5237–5258.
Carulla, P., Villagrá, A., Estellés, F., & Blanco-Penedo, I. (2023). Welfare implications on management strategies for rearing dairy calves: A systematic review. Part 1–feeding management. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1148823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1148823
Tao, S., & Dahl, G. E. (2013). Invited review: Heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(7), 4079–4093. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6278
Dahl, G. E., Tao, S., & Laporta, J. (2017). TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM/BOLFA: Late gestation heat stress of dairy cattle programs dam and daughter milk production. Journal of Animal Science, 95(12), 5701–5710. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.2006
Abuelo, A., Cullens, F., & Brester, J. L. (2021). Effect of preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(6), 7008–7017. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19791
Moreira, D. M., Rocha, C., Aguirre, R., Ballou, M. A., & Machado, V. S. (2026). Associations of diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease with growth, feed intake, and mortality during the preweaning period of Holsteins and beef-on-dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 109(2), 1831–1842. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-27339
Mee, J. F. (2023). Invited review: Bovine neonatal morbidity and mortality—Causes, risk factors, incidences, sequelae and prevention. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 58(Suppl. 2), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14369
Meganck, V., Hoflack, G., & Opsomer, G. (2014). Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: A systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 56, Article 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-014-0075-x
Cho, Y.-I., & Yoon, K.-J. (2014). An overview of calf diarrhea — infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1
Crannell, P., Abuelo, A., Gelsinger, S. L., Heinrichs, A. J., Heinrichs, B. S., & Jones, C. M. (2023). Comparison of calf morbidity, mortality, and future performance across categories of passive immunity: A retrospective cohort study in a dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science, 106(4), 2729–2741. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22638
Pardon, B., & Buczinski, S. (2020). Bovine respiratory disease diagnosis: What progress has been made in infectious diagnosis? Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 36(2), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.005
Ferraro, S., Fecteau, G., Dubuc, J., Francoz, D., Rousseau, M., Roy, J. P., & Buczinski, S. (2021). Scoping review on clinical definition of bovine respiratory disease complex and related clinical signs in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(6), 7095–7108. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19471
Cramer, M. C., & Ollivett, T. L. (2019). Growth of preweaned, group-housed dairy calves diagnosed with respiratory disease using clinical respiratory scoring and thoracic ultrasound—A cohort study. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(5), 4322–4331. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15420
