Transsubklavyan TAVI Sonrası Aort-Sağ Ventrikül Fistülü: Nadir ve Ciddi Bir Komplikasyonun Başarılı Perkütan Kapatılması
Özet
Transkateter aort kapak implantasyonu (TAVI), cerrahi riski yüksek saptanan hastalarda ciddi aort darlığı için geçerli bir tedavi yöntemidir. Transfemoral erişim mümkün olmadığında, transsubklaviyan yaklaşım alternatif bir yol oluşturur. Özellikle bilateral alt ekstremite arteriyel dolaşım bozukluğu olan hastalarda sıklıkla kullanılan girişim yerlerinden biri de subklaviyan arterlerlerdir (1). Bununla birlikte, femoral olmayan erişim, valsalva sinüsünün yırtılması ve aorto-kardiyak fistül oluşumu dahil olmak üzere nadir ancak potansiyel olarak yaşamı tehdit eden komplikasyonlarla ilişkili olabilir. İşlem sırasında aort yaralanması nadir fakat ölümcül bir komplikasyon olup, acil tedavi gerektiren yaklaşıma ihtiyaç doğurur. 63 yaşında erkek hastaya ciddi aort darlığı saptanması üzerine TAVI işlemi planlandı. Hastamız daha önce 2019 yılında aorto-femoral bypass öyküsü ve 2022 yılında koroner bypass öyküsü bulunması nedeniyle hastaya transsubklavyan girişim yolu tercih edildi. Hastamızın hesaplanan Euroscore II değeri %14.9 ve STS değeri %8.3 olarak yüksek ameliyat riski içermekteydi. Hastanın kardiyovasküler cerrahi hekimi tarafından, sol subklavyen arterin kesilmesi ve ardından tarafımızca 14F TAVI kılıfının yerleştirilmesinden sonra, valsalva sinüsünde yırtılma meydana geldi ve aort-sağ ventrikül fistülü oluştu. Perikardiyal efüzyon gözlenmemesi üzerine işleme devam edilerek 24,5 mm'lik balonla genişletilebilir transkateter aort kapak (Meril-Myval) başarıyla implante edildi. İşlem sonrası aortografi, aorttan sağ ventriküle doğru devam eden şantı doğruladı. Hastanın koroner yoğun bakımda hemodinamik ve ekokardiyografik takiplerde anormal gelişim izlenmemesi üzerine serviste 3 gün daha tutulduktan sonra, aort – sağ ventrikül fistülü kapatılması planlanarak taburcu edildi. Hastaya yaklaşık 2 hafta sonra çekilen kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, fistülün varlığını doğruladı. Başlangıçtaki konservatif takibe rağmen, bir ay sonra yapılan kontrol aortografisi, aort-sağ ventrikül fistülünün ilerlediğini gösterdi. Transözofageal ekokardiyografi rehberliğinde, vasküler Plug II tıkayıcı cihazı kullanılarak fistülün perkütan kapatılması başarıyla gerçekleştirildi ve komplikasyon olmaksızın şant tamamen ortadan kaldırıldı.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a viable treatment method for severe aortic stenosis in patients with a high surgical risk. When transfemoral access is not possible, the transsubclavian approach provides an alternative route. Subclavian arteries are one of the frequently used access sites, especially in patients with bilateral lower extremity arterial circulatory disorders (1). However, non-femoral access may be associated with rare but potentially life-threatening complications, including Valsalva sinus rupture and aorto-cardiac fistula formation. Aortic injury during the procedure is a rare but fatal complication requiring urgent treatment. A 63-year-old male patient was diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis and a TAVI procedure was planned. Due to the patient's history of aorto-femoral bypass in 2019 and coronary bypass in 2022, a transsubclavian approach was chosen. The patient's calculated Euroscore II was 14.9% and STS was 8.3%, indicating a high surgical risk. Following a procedure performed by a cardiovascular surgeon to transection of the left subclavian artery and subsequent placement of a 14F TAVI sheath by our team, a Valsalva sinus rupture occurred, resulting in an aortic-right ventricular fistula. Since no pericardial effusion was observed, the procedure continued, and a 24.5 mm balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve (Meril-Myval) was successfully implanted. Post-procedure aortography confirmed the shunt extending from the aorta to the right ventricle. After hemodynamic and echocardiographic monitoring in the coronary intensive care unit showed no abnormal development, the patient was kept in the ward for another 3 days and discharged with a plan to close the aortic-right ventricular fistula. Approximately two weeks later, a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan confirmed the presence of the fistula. Despite initial conservative management, a control aortography performed one month later showed progression of the aortic-right ventricular fistula. Under transesophageal echocardiography guidance, percutaneous closure of the fistula was successfully performed using the vascular Plug II occlusive device, and the shunt was completely eliminated without complications.
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