Canine Adenovirüs Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Canine adenovirüs (CAV), köpeklerde önemli enfeksiyonlara neden olan, zarfsız, çift sarmallı DNA genomuna sahip bir virüstür ve Adenoviridae ailesinin Mastadenovirus cinsine ait bir virüstür. Köpeklerde hastalık oluşturan 2 farklı tip bulunmaktadır: Canine adenovirüs tip 1 (CAV-1) ve Canine adenovirüs tip 2 (CAV-2). CAV-1, enfeksiyöz köpek hepatitinin etkeni olup karaciğer, böbrek, göz ve damar endotelinde ciddi lezyonlara yol açabilir. CAV-2 ise başlıca solunum sistemini etkileyerek enfeksiyöz trakeobronşitis (kennel cough) kompleksinin önemli viral etkenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Virüs, enfekte hayvanların sekresyon ve ekskresyonlarıyla çevreye yayılır ve doğrudan temas veya kontamine materyaller aracılığıyla bulaşır. Klinik belirtiler enfeksiyonun tipine ve şiddetine bağlı olarak ateş, depresyon, solunum sistemi semptomları, gastrointestinal bulgular ve bazı olgularda ölümle sonuçlanabilen sistemik hastalık şeklinde ortaya çıkabilir. Tanıda klinik ve epidemiyolojik verilerin yanı sıra virüs izolasyonu, serolojik yöntemler ve moleküler teknikler de kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde yaygın aşılama programları sayesinde birçok ülkede hastalığın görülme sıklığı önemli ölçüde azalmış olsa da, özellikle aşısız popülasyonlarda ve barınak koşullarında enfeksiyonlar hâlen önemini korumaktadır. Bu nedenle canine adenovirüs enfeksiyonlarının epidemiyolojisinin, klinik özelliklerinin ve korunma stratejilerinin iyi anlaşılması köpek sağlığının korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Canine adenovirus (CAV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA genome virus that causes significant infections in dogs and belongs to the genus Mastadenovirus of the family Adenoviridae. There are 2 types of canine adenovirus that cause disease in dogs: Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). CAV-1 is the causative agent of infectious canine hepatitis and can lead to severe lesions in the liver, kidneys, eyes, and vascular endothelium. CAV-2, on the other hand, primarily affects the respiratory system and is considered one of the primary viral agents of the infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) complex. The virus is shed into the environment through the secretions and excretions of infected animals and is transmitted through direct contact or contaminated materials. Clinical signs, depending on the type and severity of the infection, can manifest as fever, depression, respiratory system symptoms, gastrointestinal findings, and systemic disease that can result in death in some cases. In diagnosis, along with clinical and epidemiological data, virus isolation, serological methods, and molecular techniques are also used. Today, thanks to widespread vaccination programs, the incidence of the disease has significantly decreased in many countries; however, infections remain significant, especially in unvaccinated populations and in shelter settings. Therefore, a good understanding of the epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention strategies for canine adenovirus infections is of great importance for protecting canine health.
Referanslar
Balboni A, Terrusi A, Urbani L, et al. Canine circovirus and Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2 in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Veterinary Research Communications. 2022; 46(1):223-232. doi: 10.1007/s11259-021-09850-y.
Raja P, Sachin V, Parthiban M, et al. Molecular characterization of canine adenovirus type 2 in dogs from India. Virus disease. 2021;32(2):369-374. doi: 10.1007/s13337-021-00690-7.
Bergmann M, Freisl M, Zablotski Y, et al. Antibody Response to Canine Adenovirus-2 Virus Vaccination in Healthy Adult Dogs. Viruses. 2020; 21;12(10):1198. doi: 10.3390/v12101198.
Decaro N, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Canine adenoviruses and herpesvirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008;38(4):799-814, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.006.
Mira F, Puleio R, Schirò G, et al. Study on the Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAdV-1) Infection in Domestic Dogs in Southern Italy. Pathogens. 2022; 28;11(11):1254. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111254
Balboni A, Magliocca M, Urbani L, et al. Canine Adenoviruses in Wildlife: Role in At-Risk Species Conservation and Interface with Domestic Animals. Pathogens. 2025; 18;14(2):200. doi: 10.3390/pathogens14020200.
Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Canine respiratory viruses. Veterinary Research. 2007 ;38(2):355-73. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2006058.
Green, R.G. Distemper in the silver fox (Culpes vulpes). Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1925; 261, 546–548. doi: 10.3181/00379727-22-261
Balboni A, Mollace C, Giunti M, et al. Investigation of the presence of canine adenovirus (CAdV) in owned dogs in Northern Italy. Research in Veterinary Science. 2014;97(3):631-6. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.010.
Ditchfield, J, Macpherson, L.W, Zbitnew, A. Association of a canine adenovirus (Toronto A26/61) with an outbreak of laryngotracheitis (“kennel cough”). Canadian. Veterinary Journal. 1962; 3, 238–246.
Dowgier, G, Lahoreau, J, Lanave, G, et al. Sequential circulation of canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 in captive wild carnivores, France. Veterinary Microbiology. 2018; 221, 67–73. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.025
Collins, J.E, Leslie, P, Johnson, D, et al. Epizootic of adenovirus infection in American black bears. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1984; 185, 1430–1432.
de Mello Zanim Michelazzo M, Martinelli TM, de Amorim, VRG, et al. Canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type-2 infections in neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) from Southern Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2022, 53, 369–375.
Zarnke RL, Evans, MB. Serologic survey for infectious canine hepatitis virus in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) from Alaska, 1973–1986. Journal of Wildlife Disaese 1989; 25, 568–573.
Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Chappuis G, et al. Serological survey of selected canine viral pathogens andzoonoses in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus) from Alaska. Revue scientifique et technique.1998;17, 756–766 doi: 10.20506/rst.17.3.1134
Okuyan M. High Incidence of Infectious Canine Hepatitis Antibodies in the Turkish Population and Its Relation to Au Antigen. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 1975;9, no. 2: 101–112.
Gür S, Acar AA. Retrospective investigation of canine adenovirus (CAV) infection in adult dogs in Turkey. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 2009;80(2):84-6. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v80i2.176
Yildirim Y, Kirmizigul AH, and Gokce E. Seroprevalence of Canine adenovirus (CAV) Infection in Kars Dogs in Turkey. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2009; 20, no. 1: 37–39.
Bulut O, Yapici O, Avci O, et al. The serological and virological investigation of canine adenovirus infection on the dogs. Scientific World Journal. 2013; 24:587024. doi: 10.1155/2013/587024.
Sahna KC, and Aslan O. Kopek Idrar ve Plazma Örneklerinde Canine Adenovirus (CAV) Antijeninin ELISA ile Arastırılması. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 2: 45–47.
Sahna, K. C., and O. Aslan. Kayseri'deki Kopeklerde Canine Adenovirus Seroprevalansı Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi. 2015;29, 3: 163–165
Timurkan MO, Aydin H and Alkan F. Detection and molecular characterization of canine ddenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2) in dogs with respiratory tract symptoms in shelters in Turkey. Veterinarski Archives. 2018;88, 4: 467–479.
Temizkan MC, and Sevinc SS. Canine Parvovirus in Turkey: First Whole-Genome Sequences, Strain Distribution, and Prevalence. Viruses 2023;15, 4: 957. doi.:10.3390/v15040957
Sarac F, Gulyaz V, Hasoksuz M, et al. Genetic Analysis of Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Strains Circulating in Turkey From Past to Present. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 2021;32, 2: 111–117
Sykes JE. Infectious Canine Hepatitis. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 2013;182–6. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00018-1
Padrid P, Amis TC. Chronic tracheobronchial disease in the dog. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1992; 22(5):1203-29. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50310-2
Gonzalez SE, Gogal RM Jr, Meindl AG, et al. Influence of age and vaccination interval on canine parvovirus, distemper virus, and adenovirus serum antibody titers. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2023; 262:110630. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023
Yang DK, Kim HH, Yoo JY, et al. Immunogenicity of a new, inactivated canine adenovirus type 2 vaccine for dogs. Clinical Experimental Vaccine Research. 2020;9(1):40-47. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.1.40.
Gildikov, D., Kumirov, S., & Petrova, O. Study of efficacy of the drug «Hepatojekt»® in complex therapy of hepatitis in dogs. Russian veterinary journal 2020; 28-33. doi.org/10.32416/2500-4379-2020-3-28-33.
Galatyuk, O., Romanyshyna, T., & Lakhman, A. Pathogenetic aspects of dogs’ infectious hepatitis treatment. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. 2019; 21(94). doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9401.
Thrusfield, M., Aitken, C., & Muirhead, R. A field investigation of kennel cough: Efficacy of different treatments. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1991;32, 455-459. doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00987.x.
Silpa, M. There is No Evidence For or Against the Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to Reduce the Clinical Duration of Kennel Cough (Infectious Tracheobronchitis).. Verbum Et Ecclesia, 2016; 1. doi.org/10.18849/ve.v1i1.3.
Israël, N. Bronchial disease in the dog and cat. Companion Animal, 2006;11, 45-51. doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2006.tb00019.x.
