Kadın ve Bağımlılık: Feminist Sosyal Hizmet Perspektifinden Değerlendirme
Özet
Bu bölüm, kadın bağımlılığını yalnızca bireysel bir sağlık sorunu olarak değil, feminist sosyal hizmet perspektifinden toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri, yapısal kırılganlıklar ve travma deneyimleri ile iç içe geçmiş çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ele almaktadır. Bağımlılık, nörobiyolojik ve psikolojik temellerinin yanı sıra, toplumsal normlar, bakım emeği rejimleri, ekonomik güvencesizlik ve kurumsal güç ilişkileri tarafından şekillenen bir süreç olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Erkek merkezli literatürün kadın bağımlılığını ampirik ve kurumsal düzeyde görece görünmez kıldığı; kadınların psikoaktif madde kullanımının ise geleneksel kadınlık ve annelik normlarını ihlal ettiği gerekçesiyle çift yönlü damgalanmaya yol açtığı vurgulanmaktadır. Bölümde ayrıca travma, şiddet döngüleri, ekonomik bağımlılık, sosyal destek eksikliği ve cezalandırıcı kurumsal yaklaşımların kadın bağımlılığının ortaya çıkışı ve sürdürülmesindeki belirleyici rolleri tartışılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede kadın bağımlılığına yönelik mikro, mezzo ve makro düzeylerde bütüncül bir sosyal hizmet müdahale modeli önerilmekte; iyileşmenin yalnızca bireysel iradeye değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal destek sistemlerine ve sosyal adaletin güçlendirilmesine bağlı olduğu savunulmaktadır.
This chapter examines women’s addiction not merely as an individual health problem but as a multidimensional phenomenon intertwined with gender inequalities, structural vulnerabilities, and trauma experiences from a feminist social work perspective. Addiction is conceptualized not only in terms of its neurobiological and psychological foundations but also as a process shaped by social norms, care work regimes, economic insecurity, and institutional power relations. The chapter highlights that male-centered perspectives in the literature have rendered women’s addiction relatively invisible at both empirical and institutional levels. Furthermore, women’s use of psychoactive substances often leads to a form of dual stigmatization, as it is perceived as a violation of socially prescribed roles associated with femininity and motherhood. The chapter also discusses the roles of trauma, cycles of violence, economic dependency, limited social support, and punitive institutional approaches in the emergence and persistence of women’s addiction. Within this framework, a holistic social work intervention model addressing women’s addiction at micro, mezzo, and macro levels is proposed. It is argued that recovery cannot be understood solely as a matter of individual willpower but also depends on strengthening social support systems and promoting social justice.
Referanslar
ACOG. (2017). Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy (Committee Opinion No. 711). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
ACOG. (2024). Guidance on cannabis use in pregnancy and lactation. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Akay, O., Albal, E., Güleşen, G., & Umut, G. (2025). Madde kullanım bozukluğu olan bireylerde bağımlılık şiddeti ile eşbağımlılık düzeyi arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 26(2), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1491201
Becker, J. B., & Koob, G. F. (2016). Sex differences in addiction. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(4), 395–402.
Biringen, Z. (2000). Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 105-117.
Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. Routledge.
Covington, S. S. (2008). Women and addiction: A trauma-informed approach. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(sup5), 377–385.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Díaz-Mesa, E. M., García-Portilla, P., Fernández-Artamendi, S., Sáiz, P. A., Bobes Bascarán, T., Casares, M. J., Fonseca, E., Al-Halabí, S., & Bobes, J. (2016). Gender differences in addiction severity. Adicciones, 28(4), 221–230.
Dominelli, L. (2002). Feminist social work theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
Erol, A., & Karpyak, V. M. (2015). Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 1–13.
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1481–1489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1579
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2016). Drug addiction: Updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457
Federici, S. (2012). Revolution at point zero: Housework, reproduction, and feminist struggle. PM Press.
Fraser, N. (1997). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. Routledge.
Gilligan, C. (2009). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Harvard University Press.
Greenfield, S. F., Back, S. E., Lawson, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010). Substance abuse in women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(2), 339–355.
Hanisch, C. (1970). The personal is political. In S. Firestone & A. Koedt (Eds.), Notes from the Second Year: Women’s Liberation (pp. 76–78).
Healy, K. (2014). Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
hooks, b. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. South End Press.
Hunter, B. A., Jason, L. A., & Keys, C. B. (2013). Factors of empowerment for women in recovery from substance use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(3-4), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9604-6
International Labour Organization. (2023). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2023. International Labour Organization.
Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244.
Lister, R. (2004). Poverty. Polity Press.
O’Connor, M. J., & Paley, B. (2009). Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(3), 225–234.
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349-367.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2009). Substance abuse treatment: Addressing the specific needs of women (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 51). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Volkow, N. D., & Koob, G. F. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: Why is it so controversial? The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(8), 677–679.
World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use disorders in pregnancy. World Health Organization.
