Geriatri

United Nations. World population ageing 2020 highlights. New York: United Nations; 2020.

World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

Dora O, İyilikçi Karaoğlan L, Büyükçoban S, Aras Yilmaz S, Şen S, Dönmez A. A retrospective analysis of anaesthesia management for geriatric patients in the non-operating room. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2022; 7:536-40.

İyilikçi Karaoğlan L, İnce İE. Geriatrik hastalarda günübirlik cerrahi ve ameliyathane dışı anestezi. In Uğur B (ed). Türkiye Klinikleri. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.1-153.

Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752–62.

Mason KP, Green SM, Piacevoli Q. Adverse event reporting tool for non-operating room anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:915–25.

Yıldız M, İyilikçi L, Duru S, Solak M, Toker K. The attitudes and behaviors of anaesthesiology and reanimation specialists in anaesthesia care applications outside the operating room in Turkey. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2014;42:196–213.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims analysis of non-operating room anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:124–34.

Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular aging. Circ Res. 2014;114:959–66.

Aronson S, Fontes ML. Hemodynamic management in elderly patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:467–85.

Janssens JP. Aging of the respiratory system. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22:142–51.

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:179–91.

Berger M, Nadler JW, Browndyke JN, Terrando N, Ponnusamy V, Cohen HJ, et al. Neurocognitive vulnerability in older adults. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:829–47.

Evered L, Silbert B. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:1005–15.

McIsaac DI, Bryson GL, van Walraven C. Frailty and perioperative outcomes. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:465–77.

Lin HS, Watts JN, Peel NM, Hubbard RE. Frailty and surgical outcomes. Ann Surg. 2016;263:1136–42.

Aucoin SD, Hao M, Sohi R, Shaw J, Bentov I, Montgomery S, et al. Frailty as a predictor independent of ASA classification. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67:37–47.

Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173:489–95.

Brummel NE, Bell SP, Girard TD, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Morandi A, et al. Frailty and delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:177–85.

Inouye SK, Westendorp RGJ, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383:911–22.

Partridge JSL, Harari D, Dhesi JK. Frailty and anesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(Suppl 1):19–32.

Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty and outcomes after sedation. Anesth Analg. 2022;134:1203–11.

Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, Inouye SK, Chen-Edinboro LP, Neufeld KJ, et al. Delirium prevention strategies. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:280–90.

Robinson TN, Eiseman B. Postoperative delirium in the elderly. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:364–71.

Deiner S, Silverstein JH. Anesthesia for geriatric patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:447–62.

Kim DH, Lee J, Kim CA, Thakar SR, Simpsonmeyer EI, Rockwood K, et al. Frailty and non-operating room anesthesia outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2021;132:1132–40.

Devereaux PJ, Sessler DI. Cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2258–69.

Sessler DI. Perioperative hypotension. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:729–31.

Lightdale JR, Goldmann DA, Feldman HA, Newburg AR, DiNardo JA, Fox VL. Capnography improves patient safety. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1170–e1178.

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;128:437–79.

Maher RL, Hanlon J, Hajjar ER. Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:57–65.

Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1456–66.

Tune LE. Anticholinergic effects of medication in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 21):11–14.

Fox C, Richardson K, Maidment ID, Savva GM, Matthews FE, Smithard D, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1477–83.

Anonymous. A high postoperative atropinic burden is associated with postoperative delirium in older adults. J Clin Med. 2022.

American Geriatrics Society. American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67:674–94.

Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, Gogarten W, Leffert LR, Littrell MC, et al. Regional anesthesia and antithrombotic therapy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:263–309.

Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI, et al. Anticoagulants and anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:739–58.

Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004423.

Weinger MB, Herold K. Monitoring sedation safety. Anesthesiology. 2017;127:886–97.

Deitch K, Miner J, Chudnofsky CR, Dominici P, Latta D. Capnography during procedural sedation. J Emerg Med. 2010;38:412–19.

Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, et al. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:251–270.

Evered L, Silbert B, Scott DA, Eckenhoff RG, Deiner S, Radtke FM, et al. Depth of anesthesia and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2021;134:813–25.

Kurz A. Thermal management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2008;22:39–62.

Deiner S, Westlake B, Dutton RP. Sedation patterns and delirium. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:137–45.

Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, Blute MR, Lee HB, Rosenberg PB, et al. Sedation depth and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:417–27.

Brown EN, Purdon PL, Van Dort CJ. General anesthesia and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:16253–58.

Monk TG, Price CC. Postoperative cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:376–81.

Kim S, Brooks AK, Groban L. Frailty modifies sedative response. J Clin Anesth. 2022;77:110625.

Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Multimodal analgesia. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1048–56.

Alagiakrishnan K, Wiens CA. An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80:388–93.

Pergolizzi JV, Böger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioid use in elderly patients. Pain Pract. 2008;8:287–313.

Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2716–24.

Forman SA. Clinical and molecular pharmacology of etomidate. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:695–707.

Toklu S, Iyilikci L, Gönenç S, Ciftçi L, Günerli A. Comparison of etomidate-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil sedation for colonoscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26:370–76.

Fredrickson MJ, Abeysekera A, White R. Sedation in elderly patients: pharmacological considerations. Drugs Aging. 2010;27:791–803.

Mangoni AA, Jackson SHD. Age-related pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:6–14.

Sanders RD, Maze M. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:19–31.

Djaiani G, Silverton N, Fedorko L, Carroll J, Jacquemhyn F, French J, et al. Dexmedetomidine and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2016;124:362–8.

Su X, Meng ZT, Wu XH, Cui F, Li HL, Wang DX, et al. Dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention. Lancet. 2016;388:1893–1902.

Zeng H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Li J, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine in elderly sedation. Front Med. 2021;8:646653.

Snapir A, Posti J, Kentala E, Koskenvuo J, Kuusela T, Scheinin M, et al. Cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:626–34.

Gerlach AT, Dasta JF. Dexmedetomidine review. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1466–86.

Wang J, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Jin S, Wang D, et al. Dexmedetomidine dosing in elderly. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60:1402–10.

Li Y, Wang B, Zhang LL, Zhang H, Zhang L, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine and cognitive outcomes. CNS Drugs. 2022;36:297–310.

Ayala-Rojas R, Vega-Torres J. Dexmedetomidine in endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;11:31–38.

Kaye AD, Okanlawon OJ, Urman RD. Anesthesia for interventional radiology. Anesthesiol Clin. 2014;32:597–613.

Memtsoudis SG, Poeran J, Cozowicz C, Zubizarreta N, Ozbek U, Mazumdar M. Regional anesthesia and outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2018;128:891–902.

Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, Gaskins LJ, Kahn RE, Marcantonio ER, et al. Regional versus general anesthesia in elderly. BMJ. 2021;372:n8.

Neal JM, Brull R, Chan VWS, Chin KJ, Hogan QH, Mantilla CB, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:521–46.

Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Local anesthetic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:564–75.

Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg. 2017;124:308–35.

Partridge JSL, Harari D, Dhesi JK, Cross M, Khan U, Shipway DJ, et al. Frailty and perioperative care. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(Suppl 1):19–32.

Sessler DI. Perioperative hemodynamic management. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:729–31.

Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Procedural sedation safety. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118:192–204.

Gefen A. Tissue injury from pressure. J Biomech. 2007;40:3323–31.

Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA. Non-operating room anesthesia safety. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005;18:557–62.

Aldrete JA. Post-anesthesia recovery score. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7:89–91.

Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Delirium prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:516–22.

Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, Inouye SK, Chen-Edinboro LP, Neufeld KJ, et al. Delirium update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:280–90.

Morrison RS, Magaziner J, McLaughlin MA, Orosz G, Silberzweig SB, Siu AL. Pain and outcomes in elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1356–62.

Chung F, Chan VW, Ong D. Discharge scoring systems. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:896–902.

Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F, Vilmann P, Behrens A, Martinez-Page I, et al. Endoscopic sedation guidelines. Endoscopy. 2015;47:1175–89.

Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR. Sedation outside the operating room. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:107–11.

United Nations. World population ageing 2020 highlights. New York: United Nations; 2020.

World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

Dora O, İyilikçi Karaoğlan L, Büyükçoban S, Aras Yilmaz S, Şen S, Dönmez A. A retrospective analysis of anaesthesia management for geriatric patients in the non-operating room. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2022; 7:536-40.

İyilikçi Karaoğlan L, İnce İE. Geriatrik hastalarda günübirlik cerrahi ve ameliyathane dışı anestezi. In Uğur B (ed). Türkiye Klinikleri. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.1-153.

Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752–62.

Mason KP, Green SM, Piacevoli Q. Adverse event reporting tool for non-operating room anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:915–25.

Yıldız M, İyilikçi L, Duru S, Solak M, Toker K. The attitudes and behaviors of anaesthesiology and reanimation specialists in anaesthesia care applications outside the operating room in Turkey. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2014;42:196–213.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims analysis of non-operating room anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:124–34.

Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular aging. Circ Res. 2014;114:959–66.

Aronson S, Fontes ML. Hemodynamic management in elderly patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:467–85.

Janssens JP. Aging of the respiratory system. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22:142–51.

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:179–91.

Berger M, Nadler JW, Browndyke JN, Terrando N, Ponnusamy V, Cohen HJ, et al. Neurocognitive vulnerability in older adults. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:829–47.

Evered L, Silbert B. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:1005–15.

McIsaac DI, Bryson GL, van Walraven C. Frailty and perioperative outcomes. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:465–77.

Lin HS, Watts JN, Peel NM, Hubbard RE. Frailty and surgical outcomes. Ann Surg. 2016;263:1136–42.

Aucoin SD, Hao M, Sohi R, Shaw J, Bentov I, Montgomery S, et al. Frailty as a predictor independent of ASA classification. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67:37–47.

Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173:489–95.

Brummel NE, Bell SP, Girard TD, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Morandi A, et al. Frailty and delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:177–85.

Inouye SK, Westendorp RGJ, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383:911–22.

Partridge JSL, Harari D, Dhesi JK. Frailty and anesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(Suppl 1):19–32.

Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty and outcomes after sedation. Anesth Analg. 2022;134:1203–11.

Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, Inouye SK, Chen-Edinboro LP, Neufeld KJ, et al. Delirium prevention strategies. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:280–90.

Robinson TN, Eiseman B. Postoperative delirium in the elderly. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:364–71.

Deiner S, Silverstein JH. Anesthesia for geriatric patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33:447–62.

Kim DH, Lee J, Kim CA, Thakar SR, Simpsonmeyer EI, Rockwood K, et al. Frailty and non-operating room anesthesia outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2021;132:1132–40.

Devereaux PJ, Sessler DI. Cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2258–69.

Sessler DI. Perioperative hypotension. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:729–31.

Lightdale JR, Goldmann DA, Feldman HA, Newburg AR, DiNardo JA, Fox VL. Capnography improves patient safety. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1170–e1178.

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;128:437–79.

Maher RL, Hanlon J, Hajjar ER. Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:57–65.

Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1456–66.

Tune LE. Anticholinergic effects of medication in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 21):11–14.

Fox C, Richardson K, Maidment ID, Savva GM, Matthews FE, Smithard D, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1477–83.

Anonymous. A high postoperative atropinic burden is associated with postoperative delirium in older adults. J Clin Med. 2022.

American Geriatrics Society. American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67:674–94.

Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, Gogarten W, Leffert LR, Littrell MC, et al. Regional anesthesia and antithrombotic therapy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:263–309.

Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI, et al. Anticoagulants and anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:739–58.

Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004423.

Weinger MB, Herold K. Monitoring sedation safety. Anesthesiology. 2017;127:886–97.

Deitch K, Miner J, Chudnofsky CR, Dominici P, Latta D. Capnography during procedural sedation. J Emerg Med. 2010;38:412–19.

Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, et al. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:251–270.

Evered L, Silbert B, Scott DA, Eckenhoff RG, Deiner S, Radtke FM, et al. Depth of anesthesia and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2021;134:813–25.

Kurz A. Thermal management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2008;22:39–62.

Deiner S, Westlake B, Dutton RP. Sedation patterns and delirium. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:137–45.

Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, Blute MR, Lee HB, Rosenberg PB, et al. Sedation depth and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:417–27.

Brown EN, Purdon PL, Van Dort CJ. General anesthesia and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:16253–58.

Monk TG, Price CC. Postoperative cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:376–81.

Kim S, Brooks AK, Groban L. Frailty modifies sedative response. J Clin Anesth. 2022;77:110625.

Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Multimodal analgesia. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1048–56.

Alagiakrishnan K, Wiens CA. An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80:388–93.

Pergolizzi JV, Böger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioid use in elderly patients. Pain Pract. 2008;8:287–313.

Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2716–24.

Forman SA. Clinical and molecular pharmacology of etomidate. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:695–707.

Toklu S, Iyilikci L, Gönenç S, Ciftçi L, Günerli A. Comparison of etomidate-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil sedation for colonoscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26:370–76.

Fredrickson MJ, Abeysekera A, White R. Sedation in elderly patients: pharmacological considerations. Drugs Aging. 2010;27:791–803.

Mangoni AA, Jackson SHD. Age-related pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:6–14.

Sanders RD, Maze M. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:19–31.

Djaiani G, Silverton N, Fedorko L, Carroll J, Jacquemhyn F, French J, et al. Dexmedetomidine and delirium. Anesthesiology. 2016;124:362–8.

Su X, Meng ZT, Wu XH, Cui F, Li HL, Wang DX, et al. Dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention. Lancet. 2016;388:1893–1902.

Zeng H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Li J, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine in elderly sedation. Front Med. 2021;8:646653.

Snapir A, Posti J, Kentala E, Koskenvuo J, Kuusela T, Scheinin M, et al. Cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:626–34.

Gerlach AT, Dasta JF. Dexmedetomidine review. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1466–86.

Wang J, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Jin S, Wang D, et al. Dexmedetomidine dosing in elderly. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60:1402–10.

Li Y, Wang B, Zhang LL, Zhang H, Zhang L, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine and cognitive outcomes. CNS Drugs. 2022;36:297–310.

Ayala-Rojas R, Vega-Torres J. Dexmedetomidine in endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;11:31–38.

Kaye AD, Okanlawon OJ, Urman RD. Anesthesia for interventional radiology. Anesthesiol Clin. 2014;32:597–613.

Memtsoudis SG, Poeran J, Cozowicz C, Zubizarreta N, Ozbek U, Mazumdar M. Regional anesthesia and outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2018;128:891–902.

Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, Gaskins LJ, Kahn RE, Marcantonio ER, et al. Regional versus general anesthesia in elderly. BMJ. 2021;372:n8.

Neal JM, Brull R, Chan VWS, Chin KJ, Hogan QH, Mantilla CB, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:521–46.

Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Local anesthetic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:564–75.

Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg. 2017;124:308–35.

Partridge JSL, Harari D, Dhesi JK, Cross M, Khan U, Shipway DJ, et al. Frailty and perioperative care. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(Suppl 1):19–32.

Sessler DI. Perioperative hemodynamic management. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:729–31.

Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Procedural sedation safety. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118:192–204.

Gefen A. Tissue injury from pressure. J Biomech. 2007;40:3323–31.

Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA. Non-operating room anesthesia safety. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005;18:557–62.

Aldrete JA. Post-anesthesia recovery score. J Clin Anesth. 1995;7:89–91.

Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Delirium prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:516–22.

Oh ES, Li M, Fafowora TM, Inouye SK, Chen-Edinboro LP, Neufeld KJ, et al. Delirium update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69:280–90.

Morrison RS, Magaziner J, McLaughlin MA, Orosz G, Silberzweig SB, Siu AL. Pain and outcomes in elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1356–62.

Chung F, Chan VW, Ong D. Discharge scoring systems. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:896–902.

Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F, Vilmann P, Behrens A, Martinez-Page I, et al. Endoscopic sedation guidelines. Endoscopy. 2015;47:1175–89.

Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR. Sedation outside the operating room. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:107–11.