Erişkin Kardiyoloji

Thiele EL, Nemergut EC. Miller’s Anesthesia, 9th ed. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(6):e175–6.

Haddy S. Anesthesia for structural heart interventions. Cardiol Clin. 2013;31(3):455–65.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6–24.

Thompson A, Fleischmann KE, Smilowitz NR, de Las Fuentes L, Mukherjee D, Aggarwal NR, et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM guideline for perioperative cardiovascular management for noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;150(19):e351–e442.

Toman H, Erkılınc A, Kocak T, Guzelmeric F, Savluk OF, Dogukan M, et al. Sedation for transesophageal echocardiography: Comparison of propofol, midazolam and midazolam–alfentanil combination. Med Glas (Zenica). 2016;13(1):18–24.

Badie S, Mahmud M, Williamson D, Burry L. Pharmacology of commonly used sedative agents. Crit Care Clin. 2025;41(4):625–39.

Dúbrava M, Kiňová S. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cardiol Lett. 2023;32(3):157–68.

Hamid A. Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization procedures. Heart Lung Vessel. 2014;6(4):225–31.

Paknahad MH, Soleimani A, Baharlouei Yancheshmeh F, Adib-Hajbagheri P, Amerizadeh A, Karimi R. QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes in individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(43):e45304.

Rajagopalan B, Lakkireddy D, Al-Ahmad A, Chrispin J, Cohen M, Di Biase L, et al. Management of anesthesia for procedures in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory. Heart Rhythm. 2025;22(1):217–30.

Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(10):e275–e444.

Hendrix JM, Kramer J. Inhalation anesthetics and cardiovascular effects. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, et al. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(1):2200879.

Whitehead NJ, Clark AL, Williams TD, Collins NJ, Boyle AJ. Sedation and analgesia for cardiac catheterisation and coronary intervention. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(2):169–77.

Gu Y, Hao J, Wang J, Liang P, Peng X, Qin X, et al. Effectiveness assessment of bispectral index monitoring compared with conventional monitoring in general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2024;2024:5555481.

Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338–44.

Ramirez MF, Gan TJ. Total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia: How do outcomes compare? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2023;36(4):399–406.

Ingebrigtson M, Miller JT. Adverse hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in critically ill elderly adults. J Pharm Pract. 2023;36(6):1319–23.

Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, Abdelhamid M, Barbato E, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3826–924.

Kwanten LE, O’Brien B, Anwar S. Opioid-based anesthesia and analgesia for adult cardiac surgery: History and narrative review of the literature. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(3):808–16.

Jerath A, Panckhurst J, Parotto M, Lightfoot N, Wasowicz M, Ferguson ND, et al. Safety and efficacy of volatile anesthetic agents compared with standard intravenous midazolam/propofol sedation in ventilated critical care patients:aA meta-analysis and systematic review of prospective trials. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(4):1190–99.

American Heart Association. Highlights of the 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. Circulation. 2020;142(Suppl 2):S337–S357.

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, et al. Part 3: Adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 2):366–468.

Consales G, Chelazzi C, Rinaldi S, De Gaudio AR. Bispectral Index compared to Ramsay score for sedation monitoring in intensive care units. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006;72(5):329–36.

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):e263–e421.

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1–e156.

Thiele EL, Nemergut EC. Miller’s Anesthesia, 9th ed. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(6):e175–6.

Haddy S. Anesthesia for structural heart interventions. Cardiol Clin. 2013;31(3):455–65.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6–24.

Thompson A, Fleischmann KE, Smilowitz NR, de Las Fuentes L, Mukherjee D, Aggarwal NR, et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM guideline for perioperative cardiovascular management for noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;150(19):e351–e442.

Toman H, Erkılınc A, Kocak T, Guzelmeric F, Savluk OF, Dogukan M, et al. Sedation for transesophageal echocardiography: Comparison of propofol, midazolam and midazolam–alfentanil combination. Med Glas (Zenica). 2016;13(1):18–24.

Badie S, Mahmud M, Williamson D, Burry L. Pharmacology of commonly used sedative agents. Crit Care Clin. 2025;41(4):625–39.

Dúbrava M, Kiňová S. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cardiol Lett. 2023;32(3):157–68.

Hamid A. Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization procedures. Heart Lung Vessel. 2014;6(4):225–31.

Paknahad MH, Soleimani A, Baharlouei Yancheshmeh F, Adib-Hajbagheri P, Amerizadeh A, Karimi R. QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes in individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(43):e45304.

Rajagopalan B, Lakkireddy D, Al-Ahmad A, Chrispin J, Cohen M, Di Biase L, et al. Management of anesthesia for procedures in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory. Heart Rhythm. 2025;22(1):217–30.

Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(10):e275–e444.

Hendrix JM, Kramer J. Inhalation anesthetics and cardiovascular effects. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, et al. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(1):2200879.

Whitehead NJ, Clark AL, Williams TD, Collins NJ, Boyle AJ. Sedation and analgesia for cardiac catheterisation and coronary intervention. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(2):169–77.

Gu Y, Hao J, Wang J, Liang P, Peng X, Qin X, et al. Effectiveness assessment of bispectral index monitoring compared with conventional monitoring in general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2024;2024:5555481.

Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338–44.

Ramirez MF, Gan TJ. Total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia: How do outcomes compare? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2023;36(4):399–406.

Ingebrigtson M, Miller JT. Adverse hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in critically ill elderly adults. J Pharm Pract. 2023;36(6):1319–23.

Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, Abdelhamid M, Barbato E, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3826–924.

Kwanten LE, O’Brien B, Anwar S. Opioid-based anesthesia and analgesia for adult cardiac surgery: History and narrative review of the literature. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(3):808–16.

Jerath A, Panckhurst J, Parotto M, Lightfoot N, Wasowicz M, Ferguson ND, et al. Safety and efficacy of volatile anesthetic agents compared with standard intravenous midazolam/propofol sedation in ventilated critical care patients:aA meta-analysis and systematic review of prospective trials. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(4):1190–99.

American Heart Association. Highlights of the 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC. Circulation. 2020;142(Suppl 2):S337–S357.

Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, et al. Part 3: Adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 2):366–468.

Consales G, Chelazzi C, Rinaldi S, De Gaudio AR. Bispectral Index compared to Ramsay score for sedation monitoring in intensive care units. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006;72(5):329–36.

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):e263–e421.

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1–e156.