Pediatrik Kardiyoloji

Rao PS. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease. Children (Basel). 2024;11(1):84.

Tierney N, Kenny D, Greaney D. Anaesthesia for the paediatric patient in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. BJA Educ. 2022;22(2):60-6.

Quinn BP, Yeh M, Gauvreau K, Ali F, Balzer D, Barry O, et al. Procedural risk in congenital cardiac catheterization (PREDIC(3)T). J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(1):e022832.

Reddy K, JaggaS, Gillbe C. The anaesthetist and the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. Anaesthesia. 2006;61(12):1175-86.

Odegard KC, Bergersen L, Thiagarajan RR, Clark L, Shukla A, Wypij D, et al. The frequency of cardiac arrests in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg 2014; 118(1):175–82.

Lindsay AC, Bishop J, Harron K, Davies S, Haxby E. Use of a safe procedure checklist in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. BMJ Open Qual 2018;7(3):e000074.

Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Johnson JN, Hornik CP, Li JS, Benjamin Jr DK, Yoshizumi TT, Reiman RE, et al. Cumulative radiation exposure and cancer risk estimation in children with heart disease. Circulation. 2014;130:161-7.

Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Bhananker SM, Domino KB, Posner KL, Campos JS, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) registry. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1376–82.

Murat I, Constant I, Maud’huy H. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of 24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:158–66.

Braz LG, Módolo NS, do Nascimento P Jr, Bruschi BAM, Castiglia YMM, Ganem EM, et al. Perioperative cardiac arrest: a study of 53,718 anaesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:569–575.

Flick RP, Sprung J, Harrison TE, Gleich SJ, Schroeder DR, Hanson AC et al. Perioperative cardiac arrests in children between 1988 and 2005 at a tertiary referral center: a study of 92,881 patients. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:226–37.

Odegard KC, Vincent R, Baijal RG, Daves SM, Gray RG, et al. SCAI/CCAS/SPA Expert Consensus Statement for Anesthesia and Sedation Practice: recommendations for patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory. Anesth Analg. 2016;123:1201-9.

Basura A, Nasr VG, Staffa SJ, Odegard KC, DiNardo JA, Brown ML, et al. description and management of cardiac arrests in congenital cardiac patients undergoing cardiac surgery, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac ımaging. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2025;39:3060-4.

Quinn BP, Yeh M, Gauvreau K, Ali F, Balzer D, Barry O, et al. Procedural risk in congenital cardiac catheterization (PREDIC3T). J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e022832.

Yeh MJ, Bergersen L, Gauvreau K, Akhtar S, Batlivala SP, Bocks ML, et al. Association between procedure duration and adverse events in congenital cardiac catheterization. Cardiol Young. 2025;35:162-9.

O’Byrne ML, Kennedy KF, Kanter JP, Berger JT, Glatz AC. Risk factors for major early adverse events related to cardiac catheterization in children and young adults with pulmonary hypertension: an analysis of data from the IMPACT (Improving Adult and Congenital Treatment) Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e008142

Hill KD, Du W, Fleming GA, Forbes TJ, Nykanen DG, Reeves J, et al. Validation and refinement of the catheterization RISk score for pediatrics (CRISP score): an analysis from the congenital cardiac interventional study consortium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;93:97-104.

Chenault K, Rahman GR, Gauvreau K, Ibla J, Kobayashi D, Pearce B, et al. Incidence of high severity anesthesia related adverse events with ıncreasing PREDIC3T risk category in congenital cardiac catheterization: a review of the C3PO database. Paediatr Anaesth. 2026;36(4):379-87.

Kritzmire SM, Thomas A, Horenstein MS, Cossu AE. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Ito Y, Yamashita T, Tachibana K. Anesthetic management using high-flow nasal cannula therapy during cardiac catheter examination of a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. JA Clin Rep. 2022;8:83.

van Loon RLE, Roofthooft MTR, Hillege HL, ten Harkel ADJ, van Osch-Gevers M, Delhaas T, et al. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension in the Netherlands: epidemiology and characterization during the period 1991 to 2005. Circulation. 2011;124:1755-64.

Hansmann G, Koestenberger M, Alastalo TP, Apitz C, Austin ED, Bonnet D, et al. 2019 updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension: The European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2019;38:879–901.

Rosenzweig EB, Bates A, Mullen MP, Abman SH, Austin ED, Everett A, et al. Cardiac catheterization and hemodynamics in a multicenter cohort of children with pulmonary hypertension. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19:1000-12.

Kaestner M, Apitz C, Lammers AE. Cardiac catheterization in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: a systematic and practical approach. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2021;11:1102–10.

Stein ML, Staffa SJ, O'Brien Charles A, Callahan R, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG, et al. Anesthesia in children with pulmonary hypertension: clinically significant serious adverse events associated with cardiac catheterization and noncardiac procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36:1606–16.

Friesen RH, Williams GD. Anesthetic management of children with pulmonary hypertension. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18:208-16.

Li Q, Zhang C, Wang R, Keller BB, Gu H. Pulmonary hypertensive crisis in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension undergoing cardiac catheterization. Pulm Circ. 2022;12:e12067.

Loomba RS, Dorsey V, Villarreal EG, Flores S. The effect of milrinone on hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters in children. Cardiol Young. 2020;30:55–61.

Beghetti M, Schulze‐Neick I, Berger RMF, Ivy DD, Bonnet D, Weintraub RG, et al. Haemodynamic characterisation and heart catheterisation complications in children with pulmonary hypertension: insights from the global TOPP registry (tracking outcomes and practice in paediatric pulmonary hypertension). Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:325–30.

Alviar CL, Miller PE, McAreavey D, Katz JN, Lee B, Moriyama B, et al. Positive pressure ventilation in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1532–53.

Morell E, Colglazier E, Becerra J, Stevens L, Steurer MA, Sharma A, et al. A single institution anesthetic experience with catheterization of pediatric pulmonary hypertension patients. Pulm Circ. 2024;14:e12360.

Burch TM, McGowan Jr FX, Kussman BD, Powell AJ, DiNardo JA. Congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis and sudden death associated with anesthesia: what's the mystery? Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1848-54.

Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:561-632.

Bergersen L, Marshall A, Gauvreau K, Beekman R, Hirsch R, Foerster S, et al. Adverse event rates in congenital cardiac catheterization: a multi-center experience. Circulation. 2011;124:2445-54.

Welliver RC Sr, Checchia PA, Bauman JH, Fernandes AW, Mahadevia PJ, Hall CB. Fatality rates in published reports of RSV hospitalizations among high-risk and otherwise healthy children. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:2175–81.

Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Siewert M, Pandit UA, Riegger LQ, Tait AR. Risk factors for adverse postoperative outcomes in children presenting for cardiac surgery with upper respiratory tract infections. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:628–32.

von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA, Rebmann C, Johnson C, Sly PD, et al. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2010;376:773–83.

Zhang K, Wang S, Li M, Wu C, Sun L, Zhang S, et al. Anesthesia timing for children undergoing therapeutic cardiac catheterization after upper respiratory infection: a prospective observational study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020;86:835-43.

Qiao H, Chen J, Lv P, Ye Z, Lu Y, Li W, et al. Efficacy of premedication with intravenous midazolam on preoperative anxiety and mask compliance in pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial Transl Pediatr. 2022;11:1751-8.

Peng K, Wu S, Ji F, Li J. Premedication with dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2014;69:777-86.

Zulfiqar Ahmed, Paul A. Rufo. Pediatric Preoperative Management. In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Hussein HAS, Kahloul M, Alhamaidah MF, Alkhfaji HJ. Anxiolytic and sedative properties of melatonin premedication in pediatrics undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: a randomized placebo study. Cureus. 2024;16:e56543.

Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Anker S, Bøtker HE, De Hert S, et al. 2014 ESC/ESA guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2383-31.

Lam JE, Lin EP, Alexy R, Aronson LA. Anesthesia and the pediatric cardiac catheterization suite: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25:127-34.

Beringer R, Keith A, Jones E, Murphy T, White P. A prospective comparison of invasive and non-invasive blood pressure in children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Paediatr Anaesth. 2023;33:816-22.

Friesen R, Alswang M. Changes in carbondioxide tension and oxygen saturation during sleep sedation for pediatric cardiac catheterization. Paediatr Anaesth 1996;6:15–20.

Li J. Accurate measurement of oxygen consumption in children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:125–32.

Plotkin Y, Klein MJ, Patel N, Sullivan P, Takao C, Badran S, et al. Hemodynamic impact of mechanical ventilation in anesthetized patients with cavopulmonary connection: a physiologic crossover study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2025;39:3075-81.

Simonato M, Padalino M, Vedovelli L, Carollo C, Sartori A, Vida V, et al. Effect of preoperative pulmonary hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary bypass on lung function in children with congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182:2549-57.

Lacroix J, Hébert PC, Hutchison JS, Hume HA, Tucci M, Ducruet T, et al. TRIPICU Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group; pediatric acute lung ınjury and sepsis ınvestigators network. TRIPICU transfusion strategies for patients in pediatric intensive care units N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1609-19.

Ducrocq G, Calvo G, González-Juanatey JR, Durand-Zaleski I, Avendano-Sola C, et al. Reality restrictive vs liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia: rationale and design of the reality trial reality investigators. Clin Cardiol. 2021;44:143-50.

Eckardt K, Kasiske BL. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:650-7.

Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease Ed: David Andropoulos Yayınevi: Wiley-Blackwell. 2022. 3. Baskı.

Maddali MM, Patel MH, Al Aamri I, Sathiya PM. Factors associated with ıntensive care unit admission following elective cardiac catheterization in children without a recent history of cardiac surgery or major noncardiac comorbidities. Ann Card Anaesth. 2026;29:49-55.

Foubert L, Reyntjens K, Wolf D, Suys B, Moerman A, Mortier E. Remifentanil infusion for cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:355-60.

Kaynar A, Keisaka E, Karakay D, Sungur M, Baris S, Demirkaya M, et al. Effects of different doses of remifentanil infusion on hemodynamics and recovery in children undergoing pediatric diagnostic cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011; 25: 660–4.

Abbas SM, Rashid A, Latif H. Sedation for children undergoing cardiac catheterization: a review of literature. J Pak Med Assoc 2012;62:59–163.

Gozal D, Rein AJJT, Nir A, Gozal Y. Propofol does not modify the hemodynamic status of children with intracardiac shunts undergoing cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Cardiol. 2001;22:488–90.

Omori A, Watanabe F, Kojima T. Sedation with dexmedetomidine and propofol in children with Fontan circulation undergoing cardiac catheterization: a descriptive study Saudi J Anaesth 2022;16:34-7.

Williams G, Friesen R. Administration of ketamine to children with pulmonary hypertension is safe: pro-con debate. Pediatr Anesth. 2012;22:1042–52.

Oklü E, Bulutcu FS, Yalçin Y, Ozbek U, E Cakali, Bayindir O. Which anesthetic agent alters the hemodynamic status during pediatric catheterization? comparison of propofol versus ketamine. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:686-90.

Kogan A, Efrat R, Katz J, Vidne BA. Propofol-ketamine mixture for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:691-3.

Munro H, Tirotta C, Felix D, Lagueruela RG, Madril DR, Zahn EM, et al. Initial experience with dexmedetomidine for diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization in children. Pediatr Anesth 2007; 17:109–12.

Jonas RA. Indications and timing for the bidirectional Glenn shunt versus the fenestrated Fontan circulation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1994;108:522–4.

Shim D, Lloyd TR, Cho KJ, Moorehead CP, Beekman RH 3rd. Transhepatic catheterization in children: evaluation of efficacy and safety. Circulation 1995; 15:1526–30.

Divekar AA, Arar YM, Clark S, Tandon A, Zellers TM, Surendranath R, et al. Transcatheter device therapy and the ıntegration of advanced ımaging in congenital heart disease. Children (Basel). 2022;9(4):497.

Mendel B, Kohar K, Djiu RJ, Yumnanisha DA, Winarta J, Jagannatha GNP, et al. Percutaneous zero-fluoroscopy atrial septal defect closure versus fluoroscopy-guided method: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2026;22:e1573403X337854.

Haleem SM, Kanmanthareddy A. Catheter Management of Atrial Septal Defect. In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Morray BH. Ventricular septal defect closure devices, techniques, and outcomes. Interv Cardiol Clin 2019;8:1e10

Song J. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of congenital ventricular septal defects. Korean Circ J. 2023;53:134–50.

Nishida K, Seino Y, Takeuchi M. Effects of preoperative veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation management and left atrial pressure reduction via balloon atrial septostomy on respiratory system compliance in a neonate with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. Resp Med Case Rep. 2025;54:102190.

Dong M, Song M, Liu J. Atrial septostomy in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension: past, present, and future Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:552.

Sankar MN, Bhombal S, Benitz WE. PDA: to treat or not to treat. Congenit Heart Dis. 2019;14:46e51.

Bauser-Heaton H, Price K, Weber R, El-Said H. stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis and literature review. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2022;1:100392.

Al Nasef M, Shahbah DA, Batlivala SP, Darwich R, Qureshi AM, Breatnach CR, et al. Short- and medium-term outcomes for patent ductus arteriosus stenting in neonates ≤2.5 kg with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;100:596-605.

Batilicala SP, Goldstein BH. Current transcatheters approaches for the treatment of aortic coarctation in children and adults. Interv Cardiol Clin 2019;8:47e58

Pfeifer J, Rentzsch A, Poryo M, Abdul-Khaliq H. Balloon valvuloplasty in congenital critical aortic valve stenosis in neonates and infants: a rescue procedure for the left ventricle. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11:156.

Torres A, Vincent JA, Everett A, Lim S, Foerster SR, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis: multi-center safety and efficacy outcome assessment. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;86:808-20.

Daaboul DG, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG. Anesthesia for high risk procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Pediatr Anesth. 2019;29:491e8.

Giordano M, Marzullo R, Gaio G, Bigazzi MC, Ciriello GD, Palladino MT, et al. Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in congenital heart diseases: current advances and future prospectives. Children (Basel) . 2025;12:547.

Jones TK, McElhinney DB, Vincent JA, Hellenbrand WE, Cheatham JP, Darren P Berman DP, et al. Long-term outcomes after melody transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in the US ınvestigational device exemption. Trial Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;15:e010852.

Zhou Y, Xiong T, Bai P, Chu C, Dong N. Clinical outcomes of transcatheter versus surgical pulmonary valve replacement: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11:5343-51.

Maschietto N, Prakash A, Nido PJD, Porras D. Acute and short-term outcomes of percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve replacement in children. Circulation 2020;142: A17193-A

Duncan BW, Hraska V, Jonas RA, Wessel DL, Del Nido PJ, Laussen PC, et al. Mechanical circulatory support in children with cardiac disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:529–42.

Öztürk E, Yıldız O, Cine N, Tüzün B, Onan S, Ergül Y, et al. The use of neonatal extracorporeal life support in pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30:1397-401.

Burke CR, Chan T, Rubio AE, McMullan DM. Early cardiac catheterization leads to shortened pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run duration. J Interv Cardiol 2017;30:170-6.

Boscamp NS, Turner ME, Crystal M,Anderson B, Vincent JA, Torres AJ. Cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a 15-year experience. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017;38:332-7.

Güzeltaş A, Kasar T, Tanıdır İC, Öztürk E, Yıldız O, Haydin S. Cardiac catheterization procedures in pediatric patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cardiac catheterization, ECMO. Anatol J Cardiol. 2017;18:425-30.

Norwood WI, Lang P, Hansen DD. Physiologic repair of aortic atresia-hypoplastic left heart syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983;308:23–6.

Gibbs JL,WrenC,WattersonKG, Hamilton JR. Stentingof the arterial duct combined with banding of the pulmonary arteries and atrial septectomy or septostomy: a new approach to palliation for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Br Heart J 1993;69:551–5.

Kato H, Honjo O. Comparison of hybrid and Norwood strategies in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Med. 2012; 2: 60e5.

Baba K, Kotani Y, Chetan D, Chaturvedi RR, Lee KJ, Lee N Benson, et al. Hybrid versus Norwood strategies for single-ventricle palliation. Circulation. 2012;126(11 Suppl 1):S123-31.

Salavitabar A, Armstrong AK, Carrillo SA. Hybrid ınterventions in congenital heart disease. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2024;13:399-408.

Diab KA, Cao QL, Mora BN, Hijazi ZM. Device closure of muscular ventricular septal defects in infants less than one year of age using the Amplatzer devices: feasibility and outcome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2007;70:90–7.

Bendaly EA, Hoyer MH, Breinholt JP. Mid-term follow up of perventricular device closure of muscular ventricular septal defects. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011;78:577–82.

Thakkar B, Patel N, Shah S, Poptani V, Madan T, Shah C, et al. Perventricular device closure of isolated muscular ventricular septal defect in infants: a single centre experience. Indian Heart J 2012;64:559–67.

Sosnowski C, Matella T, Fogg L, Ilbawi M, Nagaraj H, Kavinsky C, et al. Hybrid pulmonary artery plication followed by transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement: Comparison with surgical PVR. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;88:804–10.

Carr K, Nijres BM, Windsor JJ, Nakamura Y, Karimi M, Ricci M, et al. Single-center experience of hybrid pulmonary valve replacement using left anterior thoracotomy with pulmonary artery plication in patients with large right ventricular outflow tract. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e026517.

Rao PS. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease. Children (Basel). 2024;11(1):84.

Tierney N, Kenny D, Greaney D. Anaesthesia for the paediatric patient in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. BJA Educ. 2022;22(2):60-6.

Quinn BP, Yeh M, Gauvreau K, Ali F, Balzer D, Barry O, et al. Procedural risk in congenital cardiac catheterization (PREDIC(3)T). J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(1):e022832.

Reddy K, JaggaS, Gillbe C. The anaesthetist and the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. Anaesthesia. 2006;61(12):1175-86.

Odegard KC, Bergersen L, Thiagarajan RR, Clark L, Shukla A, Wypij D, et al. The frequency of cardiac arrests in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg 2014; 118(1):175–82.

Lindsay AC, Bishop J, Harron K, Davies S, Haxby E. Use of a safe procedure checklist in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. BMJ Open Qual 2018;7(3):e000074.

Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Johnson JN, Hornik CP, Li JS, Benjamin Jr DK, Yoshizumi TT, Reiman RE, et al. Cumulative radiation exposure and cancer risk estimation in children with heart disease. Circulation. 2014;130:161-7.

Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Bhananker SM, Domino KB, Posner KL, Campos JS, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) registry. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1376–82.

Murat I, Constant I, Maud’huy H. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of 24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:158–66.

Braz LG, Módolo NS, do Nascimento P Jr, Bruschi BAM, Castiglia YMM, Ganem EM, et al. Perioperative cardiac arrest: a study of 53,718 anaesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:569–575.

Flick RP, Sprung J, Harrison TE, Gleich SJ, Schroeder DR, Hanson AC et al. Perioperative cardiac arrests in children between 1988 and 2005 at a tertiary referral center: a study of 92,881 patients. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:226–37.

Odegard KC, Vincent R, Baijal RG, Daves SM, Gray RG, et al. SCAI/CCAS/SPA Expert Consensus Statement for Anesthesia and Sedation Practice: recommendations for patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory. Anesth Analg. 2016;123:1201-9.

Basura A, Nasr VG, Staffa SJ, Odegard KC, DiNardo JA, Brown ML, et al. description and management of cardiac arrests in congenital cardiac patients undergoing cardiac surgery, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac ımaging. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2025;39:3060-4.

Quinn BP, Yeh M, Gauvreau K, Ali F, Balzer D, Barry O, et al. Procedural risk in congenital cardiac catheterization (PREDIC3T). J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e022832.

Yeh MJ, Bergersen L, Gauvreau K, Akhtar S, Batlivala SP, Bocks ML, et al. Association between procedure duration and adverse events in congenital cardiac catheterization. Cardiol Young. 2025;35:162-9.

O’Byrne ML, Kennedy KF, Kanter JP, Berger JT, Glatz AC. Risk factors for major early adverse events related to cardiac catheterization in children and young adults with pulmonary hypertension: an analysis of data from the IMPACT (Improving Adult and Congenital Treatment) Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e008142

Hill KD, Du W, Fleming GA, Forbes TJ, Nykanen DG, Reeves J, et al. Validation and refinement of the catheterization RISk score for pediatrics (CRISP score): an analysis from the congenital cardiac interventional study consortium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;93:97-104.

Chenault K, Rahman GR, Gauvreau K, Ibla J, Kobayashi D, Pearce B, et al. Incidence of high severity anesthesia related adverse events with ıncreasing PREDIC3T risk category in congenital cardiac catheterization: a review of the C3PO database. Paediatr Anaesth. 2026;36(4):379-87.

Kritzmire SM, Thomas A, Horenstein MS, Cossu AE. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

Ito Y, Yamashita T, Tachibana K. Anesthetic management using high-flow nasal cannula therapy during cardiac catheter examination of a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. JA Clin Rep. 2022;8:83.

van Loon RLE, Roofthooft MTR, Hillege HL, ten Harkel ADJ, van Osch-Gevers M, Delhaas T, et al. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension in the Netherlands: epidemiology and characterization during the period 1991 to 2005. Circulation. 2011;124:1755-64.

Hansmann G, Koestenberger M, Alastalo TP, Apitz C, Austin ED, Bonnet D, et al. 2019 updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension: The European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2019;38:879–901.

Rosenzweig EB, Bates A, Mullen MP, Abman SH, Austin ED, Everett A, et al. Cardiac catheterization and hemodynamics in a multicenter cohort of children with pulmonary hypertension. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19:1000-12.

Kaestner M, Apitz C, Lammers AE. Cardiac catheterization in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: a systematic and practical approach. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2021;11:1102–10.

Stein ML, Staffa SJ, O'Brien Charles A, Callahan R, DiNardo JA, Nasr VG, et al. Anesthesia in children with pulmonary hypertension: clinically significant serious adverse events associated with cardiac catheterization and noncardiac procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36:1606–16.

Friesen RH, Williams GD. Anesthetic management of children with pulmonary hypertension. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18:208-16.

Li Q, Zhang C, Wang R, Keller BB, Gu H. Pulmonary hypertensive crisis in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension undergoing cardiac catheterization. Pulm Circ. 2022;12:e12067.

Loomba RS, Dorsey V, Villarreal EG, Flores S. The effect of milrinone on hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters in children. Cardiol Young. 2020;30:55–61.

Beghetti M, Schulze‐Neick I, Berger RMF, Ivy DD, Bonnet D, Weintraub RG, et al. Haemodynamic characterisation and heart catheterisation complications in children with pulmonary hypertension: insights from the global TOPP registry (tracking outcomes and practice in paediatric pulmonary hypertension). Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:325–30.

Alviar CL, Miller PE, McAreavey D, Katz JN, Lee B, Moriyama B, et al. Positive pressure ventilation in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1532–53.

Morell E, Colglazier E, Becerra J, Stevens L, Steurer MA, Sharma A, et al. A single institution anesthetic experience with catheterization of pediatric pulmonary hypertension patients. Pulm Circ. 2024;14:e12360.

Burch TM, McGowan Jr FX, Kussman BD, Powell AJ, DiNardo JA. Congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis and sudden death associated with anesthesia: what's the mystery? Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1848-54.

Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:561-632.

Bergersen L, Marshall A, Gauvreau K, Beekman R, Hirsch R, Foerster S, et al. Adverse event rates in congenital cardiac catheterization: a multi-center experience. Circulation. 2011;124:2445-54.

Welliver RC Sr, Checchia PA, Bauman JH, Fernandes AW, Mahadevia PJ, Hall CB. Fatality rates in published reports of RSV hospitalizations among high-risk and otherwise healthy children. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:2175–81.

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