Girişimsel Radyoloji

Chang B, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Westlake B, Dutton RP, Urman RD. Interventional procedures outside of the operating room: results from the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. J Patient Saf. 2018;14:9-16.

Interventional radiology curriculum. 2021. The Royal College of Radiologists.

Cashman JN, Ng L. The management of peri- and postprocedural pain in interventional radiology: a narrative review. Pain Manag. 2017;7:523-35.

Landrigan-Ossar M. Common procedures and strategies for anaesthesia in interventional radiology. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28:458-63.

Brown C, Kang L, Kim ST. Percutaneous drainage of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in children. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2012;29:286-94.

Kennedy SA, Milovanovic L, Midi M. Major bleeding after percutaneous image-guided biopsies: frequency, predictors, and periprocedural management. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2015;32:26-33.

Flanagin BA, Lindskog DM. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for osteoid osteoma. Am J Ortho. 2015;44:127-30.

Filippiadis DK, Tutton S, Mazioti A, Kelekis A. Percutaneous image-guided ablation of bone and soft tissue tumours: a review of available techniques and protective measures. Insights Imaging. 2014;5(3):339-46.

Nelson O, Bailey PD. Pediatric anesthesia considerations for interventional radiology. Anesthesiol Clin. 2017;35(4):653-65.

Rozentsveig V, Neulander EZ, Roussabrov E, Schwartz A, Lismer L, Gurevich B, et al. Anesthetic considerations during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19(5):351-5.

Kuzgunbay B, Turunc T, Akin S, Ergenoglu P, Aribogan A, Ozkardes H. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy under general versus combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. J Endourol. 2009;23(11):1835-8.

Harshfield DL, Teplick SK, Brandon JC. Pain control during interventional biliary procedures: epidural anesthesia vs intravenous sedation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161(5):1057-9..

Schenker MP, Martin R, Shyn PB, Baum RA. Interventional radiology and anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27(1):63-81.

Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):306.

Gaba RC, Omene BO, Podczerwinski ES, Knuttinen MG, Bui JT, Carrillo TC, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization and embolization of hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(9):1210-23.

Yonker-Sell AE, Connolly LA. Mortality during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(1):231-3.

Degasperi A, Corti A, Corso R, Rampoldi A, Roselli E, Mazza E, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): the anesthesiological point of view after 150 procedures managed under total intravenous anesthesia. J Clin Monit Comput. 2009;23(6):341-6.

Scher C. Anesthesia for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;47(2):21-8.

Pivalizza EG, Gottschalk LI, Cohen A, Middelbrook M, Soltes G, Connolly LA. Anesthesia for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(4):946-7.

Haslam PJ, Yap B, Mueller PR, Lee MJ. Anesthesia practice and clinical trends in interventional radiology: a European survey. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000;23(4):256-61.

Mueller PR, Wittenberg KH, Kaufman JA, Lee MJ. Patterns of anesthesia and nursing care for interventional radiology procedures: a national survey of physician practices and preferences. Radiology. 1997;202(2):339-43.

Vo NJ, Althoen M, Hippe DS, Prabhu SJ, Valji K, Padia SA. Pediatric abdominal and pelvic trauma: safety and efficacy of arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(2):215-20.

Van der Wilden GM, Velmahos GC, Joseph DK, Jacobs L, Debusk MG, Adams CA, et al. Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(10):924-31.

Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):11-23.

Lin PH, Zhou W, Kougias P, El Sayed HF, Barshes NR, Huynh TT. Factors associated with hypotension and bradycardia after carotid angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(5):846-54.

Baron JC, von Kummer R, del Zoppo GJ. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: challenging the concept of a rigid and universal time window. Stroke. 1995;26(12):2219-21.

Nogueira RG, Schwamm LH, Hirsch JA. Endovascular approaches to acute stroke, part 1: drugs, devices, and data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(4):649-61.

Weiss MS, Dripps RD. Non-operating room anesthesia. In: Miller RD, editor. Miller’s Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.

Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F, Heinrich A, Goertler M, Neumaier S, et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2559-66.

Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2007;115(20):e478-534.

Campbell D, Diprose WK, Deng C, Barber PA. General anesthesia versus conscious sedation in endovascular thrombectomy for stroke: a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2021;33(1):21-7.

Rhaasa L, Bapat S. Anaesthesia for neurointerventional radiology. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2025;26(10):663-9.

Pierot L, Spelle L, Cognard C, Szikora I. Wide neck bifurcation aneurysms: optimal endovascular treatment. J Neurointerv Surg. 2021;13:e9.

Sree A, Hrishi AP, Praveen R, Sethuraman M. Periprocedural management of patients presenting for neurointerventional procedures using flow diverters for complex intracranial aneurysms: an anesthetist’s perspective. Brain Circ. 2024;10(1):21.

Tummala RP, Chu RM, Madison MT, Myers M, Tubman D, Nussbaum ES. Outcomes after aneurysm rupture during coil embolization. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(5):1059-67.

Eddleman CS, Hurley MC, Naidech AM, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Endovascular treatment of delayed cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26:E6.

Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Schaaf IC. Triple-H therapy and cerebral perfusion after SAH. Crit Care. 2010;14:R23.

Hui C, Lau KP. Intra-arterial nimodipine for cerebral vasospasm. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:1030-6.

Hänggi D, Turowski B, Beseoglu K, Yong M, Steiger HJ. Intra-arterial nimodipine for severe cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1053-60.

Cho WS, Kim JE, Kang HS, et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine infusion for cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2011;17:169-78.

Biondi A, Ricciardi GK, Puybasset L, Abdennour L, Longo M, Chiras J et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:preliminary results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(6):1067-76.

Rosenberg N, Lazzaro MA, Lopes DK, Prabhakaran S. High-dose intra-arterial nicardipine results in hypotension following vasospasm treatment. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:400-4.

Juvela S. Prehemorrhage risk factors for fatal intracranial aneurysm rupture. Stroke. 2003;34:1852-7.

Jones M, Leslie K, Mitchell P. Anaesthesia for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:468-70.

Ogilvy CS, Yang X, Jamil OA, Hauck EF, Hopkins LN, Siddiqui AH, et al. Neurointerventional procedures for unruptured aneurysms under sedation. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:120-8.

Choi SS, Kim JS, Park IK, Lee G, Hahm KD. BIS and cerebral oxygen saturation during neuroendovascular intervention. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012;62:98.

Siddiqui FM, Dandapat S, Banerjee C, Zuurbier SM, Johnson M, Stam J, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1263-8.

Liao CH, Liao NC, Chen WH, Chen HC, Shen CC, Yang SF, et al. Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and on-site chemical thrombolysis for severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:4937.

Coleman RL, Bezinover D, Jones DC, Cockroft KM, Parekh UR. Intra-arterial lidocaine blunts the trigeminocardiac reflex during endovascular treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2021:2021:2342347.

Amiridze N, Darwish R. Hemodynamic instability during treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula and carotid cavernous fistula with Onyx: preliminary results and anesthesia considerations. J Neurointerv Surg. 2009;1(2):146-50.

Nurimanov C, Mammadinova I, Menlibayeva K, Kydyrmoldin Y, Duisengali R, Kerimbayeva D, et al. Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas: a 16-year retrospective analysis of multimodal treatment strategies and long-term clinical outcomes. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1625899.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. urr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19(4):436-42.

Romero CS, Guarracino F, Cammarota G, Vetrugno L, Tufegdzic B, et al. Preoperative assessment of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025;42:1-35.

Harvey-Kelly K, Lewis H, Parthipun A. Anaesthesia for paediatric interventional radiology. BJA Educ. 2025;25(12):520-6.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6-24.

Thuluvath PJ. Toward safer sedation in patients with cirrhosis: have we done enough? Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(2):269-71.

Mao W, Wei XQ, Tao J, Zhen FP, Wen ZF, Wu B. Safety of combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl for endoscopy screening and variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients. J Dig Dis. 2014;15(3):124-30.

Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Uppal R, Sarin SK. Propofol versus midazolam sedation for endoscopy in cirrhosis: randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(11):1726-32.

Amorós A, Aparicio JR, Garmendia M, Casellas JA, Martínez J, Jover R. Deep sedation with propofol does not precipitate hepatic encephalopathy during elective upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(2):262-8.

Correia LM, Bonilha DQ, Gomes GF, Brito JR, Nakao FS, Lenz L, et al. Sedation during upper GI endoscopy in cirrhotic outpatients: randomized trial comparing propofol-fentanyl with midazolam-fentanyl. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(1):45-51.

Schwarz S, Kaempf J, Sathanandam S, Datar S, Sananes R, Berman D, et al. Aortic steal correlates with acute organ dysfunction and short-term outcomes in neonates with vein of Galen malformation. Neonatology. 2024;121(1):106-15.

Beard J, Methangkool E, Angus S, Urman RD, Cole DJ. Consensus recommendations for the safe conduct of nonoperating room anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2023;137(2):E8-E11.

Joung KW, Kim JY, Cho JH, Kim WO, Jeong CY. Anesthetic considerations for neurointerventional procedures. Neurointervention. 2014;9(2):72-7.

Patel S, Reddy U. Anaesthesia for interventional neuroradiology. BJA Educ. 2016;16:147-52.

Zhou Z, Ying M, Zhao R, Cruz JN. Efficacy and safety of sevoflurane vs propofol with remifentanil for anesthesia maintenance during craniotomy: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(51):e28400.

Hunter JM. Reversal of neuromuscular block. BJA Educ. 2020;20(8):259-65.

Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, Gropper MA, McLean DJ, Butterworth JF, et al. Practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology. 2023;138:13-41.

Apfelbaum JL, Agarkar M, Connis RT, Coté CJ, Nickinovich DG, Warner MA, et al. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Amornyotin S. Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;5(11):5-33.

Varma MK, Price K, Jayakrishnan V, Manickam B, Kessell G. Anaesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):75-85.

Goodwin SC, McLucas B, Lee M, Chen G, Perrella R, Vedantham S, et al. Uterine artery embolization for treatment of uterine leiomyomata: midterm results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(9):1159-65.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Anesthesiology. 2006.

Chang B, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Westlake B, Dutton RP, Urman RD. Interventional procedures outside of the operating room: results from the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. J Patient Saf. 2018;14:9-16.

Interventional radiology curriculum. 2021. The Royal College of Radiologists.

Cashman JN, Ng L. The management of peri- and postprocedural pain in interventional radiology: a narrative review. Pain Manag. 2017;7:523-35.

Landrigan-Ossar M. Common procedures and strategies for anaesthesia in interventional radiology. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28:458-63.

Brown C, Kang L, Kim ST. Percutaneous drainage of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in children. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2012;29:286-94.

Kennedy SA, Milovanovic L, Midi M. Major bleeding after percutaneous image-guided biopsies: frequency, predictors, and periprocedural management. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2015;32:26-33.

Flanagin BA, Lindskog DM. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for osteoid osteoma. Am J Ortho. 2015;44:127-30.

Filippiadis DK, Tutton S, Mazioti A, Kelekis A. Percutaneous image-guided ablation of bone and soft tissue tumours: a review of available techniques and protective measures. Insights Imaging. 2014;5(3):339-46.

Nelson O, Bailey PD. Pediatric anesthesia considerations for interventional radiology. Anesthesiol Clin. 2017;35(4):653-65.

Rozentsveig V, Neulander EZ, Roussabrov E, Schwartz A, Lismer L, Gurevich B, et al. Anesthetic considerations during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19(5):351-5.

Kuzgunbay B, Turunc T, Akin S, Ergenoglu P, Aribogan A, Ozkardes H. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy under general versus combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. J Endourol. 2009;23(11):1835-8.

Harshfield DL, Teplick SK, Brandon JC. Pain control during interventional biliary procedures: epidural anesthesia vs intravenous sedation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161(5):1057-9..

Schenker MP, Martin R, Shyn PB, Baum RA. Interventional radiology and anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27(1):63-81.

Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):306.

Gaba RC, Omene BO, Podczerwinski ES, Knuttinen MG, Bui JT, Carrillo TC, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization and embolization of hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(9):1210-23.

Yonker-Sell AE, Connolly LA. Mortality during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(1):231-3.

Degasperi A, Corti A, Corso R, Rampoldi A, Roselli E, Mazza E, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): the anesthesiological point of view after 150 procedures managed under total intravenous anesthesia. J Clin Monit Comput. 2009;23(6):341-6.

Scher C. Anesthesia for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;47(2):21-8.

Pivalizza EG, Gottschalk LI, Cohen A, Middelbrook M, Soltes G, Connolly LA. Anesthesia for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(4):946-7.

Haslam PJ, Yap B, Mueller PR, Lee MJ. Anesthesia practice and clinical trends in interventional radiology: a European survey. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000;23(4):256-61.

Mueller PR, Wittenberg KH, Kaufman JA, Lee MJ. Patterns of anesthesia and nursing care for interventional radiology procedures: a national survey of physician practices and preferences. Radiology. 1997;202(2):339-43.

Vo NJ, Althoen M, Hippe DS, Prabhu SJ, Valji K, Padia SA. Pediatric abdominal and pelvic trauma: safety and efficacy of arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(2):215-20.

Van der Wilden GM, Velmahos GC, Joseph DK, Jacobs L, Debusk MG, Adams CA, et al. Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(10):924-31.

Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):11-23.

Lin PH, Zhou W, Kougias P, El Sayed HF, Barshes NR, Huynh TT. Factors associated with hypotension and bradycardia after carotid angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(5):846-54.

Baron JC, von Kummer R, del Zoppo GJ. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: challenging the concept of a rigid and universal time window. Stroke. 1995;26(12):2219-21.

Nogueira RG, Schwamm LH, Hirsch JA. Endovascular approaches to acute stroke, part 1: drugs, devices, and data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(4):649-61.

Weiss MS, Dripps RD. Non-operating room anesthesia. In: Miller RD, editor. Miller’s Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.

Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F, Heinrich A, Goertler M, Neumaier S, et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2559-66.

Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2007;115(20):e478-534.

Campbell D, Diprose WK, Deng C, Barber PA. General anesthesia versus conscious sedation in endovascular thrombectomy for stroke: a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2021;33(1):21-7.

Rhaasa L, Bapat S. Anaesthesia for neurointerventional radiology. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2025;26(10):663-9.

Pierot L, Spelle L, Cognard C, Szikora I. Wide neck bifurcation aneurysms: optimal endovascular treatment. J Neurointerv Surg. 2021;13:e9.

Sree A, Hrishi AP, Praveen R, Sethuraman M. Periprocedural management of patients presenting for neurointerventional procedures using flow diverters for complex intracranial aneurysms: an anesthetist’s perspective. Brain Circ. 2024;10(1):21.

Tummala RP, Chu RM, Madison MT, Myers M, Tubman D, Nussbaum ES. Outcomes after aneurysm rupture during coil embolization. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(5):1059-67.

Eddleman CS, Hurley MC, Naidech AM, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Endovascular treatment of delayed cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26:E6.

Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Schaaf IC. Triple-H therapy and cerebral perfusion after SAH. Crit Care. 2010;14:R23.

Hui C, Lau KP. Intra-arterial nimodipine for cerebral vasospasm. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:1030-6.

Hänggi D, Turowski B, Beseoglu K, Yong M, Steiger HJ. Intra-arterial nimodipine for severe cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1053-60.

Cho WS, Kim JE, Kang HS, et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine infusion for cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2011;17:169-78.

Biondi A, Ricciardi GK, Puybasset L, Abdennour L, Longo M, Chiras J et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:preliminary results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(6):1067-76.

Rosenberg N, Lazzaro MA, Lopes DK, Prabhakaran S. High-dose intra-arterial nicardipine results in hypotension following vasospasm treatment. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:400-4.

Juvela S. Prehemorrhage risk factors for fatal intracranial aneurysm rupture. Stroke. 2003;34:1852-7.

Jones M, Leslie K, Mitchell P. Anaesthesia for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:468-70.

Ogilvy CS, Yang X, Jamil OA, Hauck EF, Hopkins LN, Siddiqui AH, et al. Neurointerventional procedures for unruptured aneurysms under sedation. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:120-8.

Choi SS, Kim JS, Park IK, Lee G, Hahm KD. BIS and cerebral oxygen saturation during neuroendovascular intervention. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012;62:98.

Siddiqui FM, Dandapat S, Banerjee C, Zuurbier SM, Johnson M, Stam J, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1263-8.

Liao CH, Liao NC, Chen WH, Chen HC, Shen CC, Yang SF, et al. Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and on-site chemical thrombolysis for severe cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:4937.

Coleman RL, Bezinover D, Jones DC, Cockroft KM, Parekh UR. Intra-arterial lidocaine blunts the trigeminocardiac reflex during endovascular treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Case Rep Anesthesiol. 2021:2021:2342347.

Amiridze N, Darwish R. Hemodynamic instability during treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula and carotid cavernous fistula with Onyx: preliminary results and anesthesia considerations. J Neurointerv Surg. 2009;1(2):146-50.

Nurimanov C, Mammadinova I, Menlibayeva K, Kydyrmoldin Y, Duisengali R, Kerimbayeva D, et al. Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas: a 16-year retrospective analysis of multimodal treatment strategies and long-term clinical outcomes. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1625899.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. urr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19(4):436-42.

Romero CS, Guarracino F, Cammarota G, Vetrugno L, Tufegdzic B, et al. Preoperative assessment of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025;42:1-35.

Harvey-Kelly K, Lewis H, Parthipun A. Anaesthesia for paediatric interventional radiology. BJA Educ. 2025;25(12):520-6.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6-24.

Thuluvath PJ. Toward safer sedation in patients with cirrhosis: have we done enough? Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(2):269-71.

Mao W, Wei XQ, Tao J, Zhen FP, Wen ZF, Wu B. Safety of combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl for endoscopy screening and variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients. J Dig Dis. 2014;15(3):124-30.

Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Uppal R, Sarin SK. Propofol versus midazolam sedation for endoscopy in cirrhosis: randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(11):1726-32.

Amorós A, Aparicio JR, Garmendia M, Casellas JA, Martínez J, Jover R. Deep sedation with propofol does not precipitate hepatic encephalopathy during elective upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(2):262-8.

Correia LM, Bonilha DQ, Gomes GF, Brito JR, Nakao FS, Lenz L, et al. Sedation during upper GI endoscopy in cirrhotic outpatients: randomized trial comparing propofol-fentanyl with midazolam-fentanyl. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(1):45-51.

Schwarz S, Kaempf J, Sathanandam S, Datar S, Sananes R, Berman D, et al. Aortic steal correlates with acute organ dysfunction and short-term outcomes in neonates with vein of Galen malformation. Neonatology. 2024;121(1):106-15.

Beard J, Methangkool E, Angus S, Urman RD, Cole DJ. Consensus recommendations for the safe conduct of nonoperating room anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2023;137(2):E8-E11.

Joung KW, Kim JY, Cho JH, Kim WO, Jeong CY. Anesthetic considerations for neurointerventional procedures. Neurointervention. 2014;9(2):72-7.

Patel S, Reddy U. Anaesthesia for interventional neuroradiology. BJA Educ. 2016;16:147-52.

Zhou Z, Ying M, Zhao R, Cruz JN. Efficacy and safety of sevoflurane vs propofol with remifentanil for anesthesia maintenance during craniotomy: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(51):e28400.

Hunter JM. Reversal of neuromuscular block. BJA Educ. 2020;20(8):259-65.

Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, Gropper MA, McLean DJ, Butterworth JF, et al. Practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology. 2023;138:13-41.

Apfelbaum JL, Agarkar M, Connis RT, Coté CJ, Nickinovich DG, Warner MA, et al. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Amornyotin S. Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;5(11):5-33.

Varma MK, Price K, Jayakrishnan V, Manickam B, Kessell G. Anaesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):75-85.

Goodwin SC, McLucas B, Lee M, Chen G, Perrella R, Vedantham S, et al. Uterine artery embolization for treatment of uterine leiomyomata: midterm results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(9):1159-65.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Anesthesiology. 2006.