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Yoon U, Mojica J, Wiltshire M, Segna K, Block M, Pantoja A, et al. Emergent airway management outside of the operating room- a retrospective review of patient characteristics, complications and ICU stay. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):220.

JAber S, Amraoui J, Lefrant JY, Arich C, Cohendy R, Landreau L, et al. Clinical practice and risk factors for immediate complications of endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(9):2355-61.

Budde A, Karamchandani K. Emergency Non-OR airway management. 2026. https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/Review-Articles/Article/07-21/Emergency-Non-OR-Airway-management/63980?sub=FDD1A9511253EF9E1394F39850F384B3BAC8F2D8 3C78636714C49D3143FD98&enl=true&dgid=&utm_source=enl&utm_content=1&utm_campaign=20210712&utm_medium=title

Mathis MR, Naughton NN, Shanks AM, Freundlich RE, Pannucci CJ, Chu Y, et al. Patient selection for day case-eligible surgery: identifying those at high risk for major complications. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(6):1310–21.

Iseli TA, Iseli CE, Golden JB, Jones VL, Boudreaux AM, Boyce JR, et al. Outcomes of intubation in difficult airways due to head and neck pathology. Ear Nose Throat J. 2012; 91(3): E1–5.

Roth D, Pace NL, Lee A, Hovhannisyan K, Warenits AM, Arrich J, et al. Airway physical examination tests for detection of difficult airway management in apparently normal adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD008874.

Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A. Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(2):429-37.

Zieleskiewicz L, Lopez A, Hraiech S, Baumstarck K, Pastene B, Di Bisceglie M, et.al. Bedside POCUS during ward emergencies is associated with improved diagnosis and outcome: an observational, prospective, controlled study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):34.

Nagrebetsky A, Gabriel RA, Dutton RP, Urman RD. Growth of nonoperating room anesthesia care in the United States: a contemporary trends analysis. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(4):1261-7.

De Jong A, Molinari N, Terzi N, Mongardon N, Arnal JM, Guitton C, et al. Network for the Frida-Réa Study Group. Early identification of patients at risk for difficult intubation in the intensive care unit: development and validation of the MACOCHA score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(8):832-9.

Joffe AM. Use your SMARTs (Some Kind of Multidisciplinary Airway Response Team) for emergent airway management outside the operating room. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:11–3.

El-Shafy IA, Delgado J, Akerman M, Bullaro F, Christopherson NAM, Prince JM. Closed-loop communication improves task completion in pediatric trauma resuscitation. J Surg Educ. 2018;75:58–64.

Prielipp RC, Coursin DB. All that glitters is not a golden recommendation. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:727–33.

Brindley PG, Beed M, Law JA, Hung O, Levitan R, Murphy MF, et al. Airway management outside the operating room: how to better prepare. Can J Anaesth. 2017;64(5):530-9.

Chrimes N. The Vortex: a universal ‘high-acuity implementation tool’ for emergency airway management. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 1): i20–i27.

Starmer AJ, O'Toole JK, Rosenbluth G, Calaman S, Balmer D, West DC, Bale JF Jr, et a. I-PASS Study Education Executive Committee. Development, implementation, and dissemination of the I-PASS handoff curriculum: A multisite educational intervention to improve patient. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128(6):1075-81.

Levitan RM, Heitz JW, Sweeney M, Cooper RM. The complexities of tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy and alternative intubation devices. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(2):151-60.

Van Zundert A, Pieters B, Doerges V, Gatt S. Videolaryngoscopy allows a better view of the pharynx and larynx than classic laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(2):221-4.

Collins J, O'Sullivan EP. Rapid sequence induction and intubation. BJA Educ. 2022;22(12):484-90.

Karamchandani K, Wheelwright J, Yang AL, Westphal ND, Khanna AK, Myatra SN. Emergency airway management outside the operating room: current evidence and management strategies. Anesth Analg. 2021;133(3): 648-62.

Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, J Rangasami. Difficult Airway Society; Intensive Care Society; Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine; Royal College of Anaesthetists. guidelines emergency nonoperating room airway management for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:323–52.

Khandelwal N, Khorsand S, Mitchell SH, Joffe AM. Headelevated patient positioning decreases complications of emergent tracheal intubation in the ward and Intensive Care Unit. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:1101–07.

Jaber S, Monnin M, Girard M, Conseil M, Cisse M, Carr J, et al. Apnoeic oxygenation via high-flow nasal cannula oxygen combined with non-invasive ventilation preoxygenation for intubation in hypoxaemic patients in the intensive care unit: the single-centre, blinded, randomised controlled OPTINIV trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(12):1877-87.

Casey JD, Janz DR, Russell DW, Vonderhaar DJ, Joffe AM, Dischert KM, et al. PreVent ınvestigators and the pragmatic critical care research group. bag-mask ventilation during tracheal ıntubation of critically ıll adults. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(9):811-21.

Elsamragy, S., Vats, T. Osborn, I. Airway management in out of the operating room environments. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2020;10:341–8.

Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the 4th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: Intensive Care and Emergency Departments. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(5):632-42.

Sakles JC, Ross C, Kovacs G. Preventing unrecognized esophageal intubation in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2023;4(3):e12951.

Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, Baker PA, Cooper RM, Greif R, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022;77(12):1395-415.

Yoon U, Mojica J, Wiltshire M, Segna K, Block M, Pantoja A, et al. Emergent airway management outside of the operating room - a retrospective review of patient characteristics, complications and ICU stay. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):220.

Ladopoulos T, Giannaki M, Alexopoulou C, Proklou A, Pediaditis E, Kondili E. Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018;31:273–281.

Asai T. Airway management inside and outside operating rooms—circumstances are quite different. Br J Anaesth. 2018;119(5):875-7.

Robinson, MB, Davidson MA. Aspiration under anaesthesia: risk assessment and decision-making. BJA Education. 2014;14(4):171-5.

Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S, Ntouba A, Eurin M, Cuvillon P, et al. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(1):9-17.

Hawthorne L, Wilson R, Lyons G, Dresner M. Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(5):680-4.

Ru JA, Van Der Veen EL, Halabi Y, Kaya M. Head-Turn for cannot oxygenate, cannot ventilate, cannot ıntubate situation. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024 Oct 24:1455613241294175.

Maurya I, Ahmed SM, Garg R. Simulation in airway management teaching and training. Indian J Anaesth. 2024;68(1):52-7.

Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG. What’s new in airway management of the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45:1615–18.

Patel A, Nouraei SA. Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airways. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:323–39.

Saul SA, Ward PA, McNarry AF. Airway management: the current role of videolaryngoscopy. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1327.

Helviz Y, Einav S. A systematic review of the high-flow nasal cannula for adult patients. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):71.

Lorello GR, Cook DA, Johnson RL, Brydges R. Simulation-based training in anaesthesiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(2):231-45.

Brindley PG. The role of multidisciplinary teams in airway management: a review. Can J Anesth. 2019;66(3):298-308.

El-Shafy IA, Delgado J, Akerman M, Bullaro F, Christopherson NAM, Prince JM. Closed-loop communication improves task completion in pediatric trauma resuscitation. J Surg Educ. 2018;75:58–64.

Manser T. Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of healthcare: a review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009; 53:143–51.

Prielipp RC, Coursin DB. All that glitters is not a golden recommendation. Anesth Analg. 2015; 121:727–33.

Yoon U, Mojica J, Wiltshire M, Segna K, Block M, Pantoja A, et al. Emergent airway management outside of the operating room- a retrospective review of patient characteristics, complications and ICU stay. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):220.

JAber S, Amraoui J, Lefrant JY, Arich C, Cohendy R, Landreau L, et al. Clinical practice and risk factors for immediate complications of endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(9):2355-61.

Budde A, Karamchandani K. Emergency Non-OR airway management. 2026. https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/Review-Articles/Article/07-21/Emergency-Non-OR-Airway-management/63980?sub=FDD1A9511253EF9E1394F39850F384B3BAC8F2D8 3C78636714C49D3143FD98&enl=true&dgid=&utm_source=enl&utm_content=1&utm_campaign=20210712&utm_medium=title

Mathis MR, Naughton NN, Shanks AM, Freundlich RE, Pannucci CJ, Chu Y, et al. Patient selection for day case-eligible surgery: identifying those at high risk for major complications. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(6):1310–21.

Iseli TA, Iseli CE, Golden JB, Jones VL, Boudreaux AM, Boyce JR, et al. Outcomes of intubation in difficult airways due to head and neck pathology. Ear Nose Throat J. 2012; 91(3): E1–5.

Roth D, Pace NL, Lee A, Hovhannisyan K, Warenits AM, Arrich J, et al. Airway physical examination tests for detection of difficult airway management in apparently normal adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5(5):CD008874.

Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A. Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(2):429-37.

Zieleskiewicz L, Lopez A, Hraiech S, Baumstarck K, Pastene B, Di Bisceglie M, et.al. Bedside POCUS during ward emergencies is associated with improved diagnosis and outcome: an observational, prospective, controlled study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):34.

Nagrebetsky A, Gabriel RA, Dutton RP, Urman RD. Growth of nonoperating room anesthesia care in the United States: a contemporary trends analysis. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(4):1261-7.

De Jong A, Molinari N, Terzi N, Mongardon N, Arnal JM, Guitton C, et al. Network for the Frida-Réa Study Group. Early identification of patients at risk for difficult intubation in the intensive care unit: development and validation of the MACOCHA score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(8):832-9.

Joffe AM. Use your SMARTs (Some Kind of Multidisciplinary Airway Response Team) for emergent airway management outside the operating room. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:11–3.

El-Shafy IA, Delgado J, Akerman M, Bullaro F, Christopherson NAM, Prince JM. Closed-loop communication improves task completion in pediatric trauma resuscitation. J Surg Educ. 2018;75:58–64.

Prielipp RC, Coursin DB. All that glitters is not a golden recommendation. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:727–33.

Brindley PG, Beed M, Law JA, Hung O, Levitan R, Murphy MF, et al. Airway management outside the operating room: how to better prepare. Can J Anaesth. 2017;64(5):530-9.

Chrimes N. The Vortex: a universal ‘high-acuity implementation tool’ for emergency airway management. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 1): i20–i27.

Starmer AJ, O'Toole JK, Rosenbluth G, Calaman S, Balmer D, West DC, Bale JF Jr, et a. I-PASS Study Education Executive Committee. Development, implementation, and dissemination of the I-PASS handoff curriculum: A multisite educational intervention to improve patient. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128(6):1075-81.

Levitan RM, Heitz JW, Sweeney M, Cooper RM. The complexities of tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy and alternative intubation devices. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(2):151-60.

Van Zundert A, Pieters B, Doerges V, Gatt S. Videolaryngoscopy allows a better view of the pharynx and larynx than classic laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(2):221-4.

Collins J, O'Sullivan EP. Rapid sequence induction and intubation. BJA Educ. 2022;22(12):484-90.

Karamchandani K, Wheelwright J, Yang AL, Westphal ND, Khanna AK, Myatra SN. Emergency airway management outside the operating room: current evidence and management strategies. Anesth Analg. 2021;133(3): 648-62.

Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, J Rangasami. Difficult Airway Society; Intensive Care Society; Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine; Royal College of Anaesthetists. guidelines emergency nonoperating room airway management for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:323–52.

Khandelwal N, Khorsand S, Mitchell SH, Joffe AM. Headelevated patient positioning decreases complications of emergent tracheal intubation in the ward and Intensive Care Unit. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:1101–07.

Jaber S, Monnin M, Girard M, Conseil M, Cisse M, Carr J, et al. Apnoeic oxygenation via high-flow nasal cannula oxygen combined with non-invasive ventilation preoxygenation for intubation in hypoxaemic patients in the intensive care unit: the single-centre, blinded, randomised controlled OPTINIV trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(12):1877-87.

Casey JD, Janz DR, Russell DW, Vonderhaar DJ, Joffe AM, Dischert KM, et al. PreVent ınvestigators and the pragmatic critical care research group. bag-mask ventilation during tracheal ıntubation of critically ıll adults. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(9):811-21.

Elsamragy, S., Vats, T. Osborn, I. Airway management in out of the operating room environments. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2020;10:341–8.

Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the 4th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: Intensive Care and Emergency Departments. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(5):632-42.

Sakles JC, Ross C, Kovacs G. Preventing unrecognized esophageal intubation in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2023;4(3):e12951.

Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, Baker PA, Cooper RM, Greif R, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022;77(12):1395-415.

Yoon U, Mojica J, Wiltshire M, Segna K, Block M, Pantoja A, et al. Emergent airway management outside of the operating room - a retrospective review of patient characteristics, complications and ICU stay. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):220.

Ladopoulos T, Giannaki M, Alexopoulou C, Proklou A, Pediaditis E, Kondili E. Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018;31:273–281.

Asai T. Airway management inside and outside operating rooms—circumstances are quite different. Br J Anaesth. 2018;119(5):875-7.

Robinson, MB, Davidson MA. Aspiration under anaesthesia: risk assessment and decision-making. BJA Education. 2014;14(4):171-5.

Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S, Ntouba A, Eurin M, Cuvillon P, et al. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(1):9-17.

Hawthorne L, Wilson R, Lyons G, Dresner M. Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(5):680-4.

Ru JA, Van Der Veen EL, Halabi Y, Kaya M. Head-Turn for cannot oxygenate, cannot ventilate, cannot ıntubate situation. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024 Oct 24:1455613241294175.

Maurya I, Ahmed SM, Garg R. Simulation in airway management teaching and training. Indian J Anaesth. 2024;68(1):52-7.

Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG. What’s new in airway management of the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45:1615–18.

Patel A, Nouraei SA. Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airways. Anaesthesia. 2015;70:323–39.

Saul SA, Ward PA, McNarry AF. Airway management: the current role of videolaryngoscopy. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1327.

Helviz Y, Einav S. A systematic review of the high-flow nasal cannula for adult patients. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):71.

Lorello GR, Cook DA, Johnson RL, Brydges R. Simulation-based training in anaesthesiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(2):231-45.

Brindley PG. The role of multidisciplinary teams in airway management: a review. Can J Anesth. 2019;66(3):298-308.

El-Shafy IA, Delgado J, Akerman M, Bullaro F, Christopherson NAM, Prince JM. Closed-loop communication improves task completion in pediatric trauma resuscitation. J Surg Educ. 2018;75:58–64.

Manser T. Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of healthcare: a review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009; 53:143–51.

Prielipp RC, Coursin DB. All that glitters is not a golden recommendation. Anesth Analg. 2015; 121:727–33.