Preoperatif Değerlendirme ve Monitörizasyon

Pino RM. The nature of anesthesia and procedural sedation outside of the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(4):347-51.

Lee CK, Dong SH, Kim ES, Moon SH, Park HJ, Yang DH, et al. Room for quality improvement in endoscopist-directed sedation: results from the first nationwide survey in Korea. Gut Liver. 2016;10(1):83-94.

Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on moderate procedural sedation and analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Kurtipek Ö. Sedasyon ve Hukuki Sorumluluklar. In: Işık B, editor. Anestezi Pratiğinde Sedasyon. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi; 2019.

ANZ P. PG09 (G) BP Guideline on procedural sedation Background Paper 2023.

Blitz JD, Kendale SM, Jain SK, Cuff GE, Kim JT, Rosenberg AD. Preoperative evaluation clinic visit is associated with decreased risk of in-hospital postoperative mortality. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(2):280-94.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. EJA. 2018;35(1):6-24.

L. İyilikçi, Y. Karaman. Ameliyathane dışı anestezi uygulamaları TARD kılavuzu. Türk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derneği. 2022.

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System.

Hackett NJ, De Oliveira GS, Jain UK, Kim JY. ASA class is a reliable independent predictor of medical complications and mortality following surgery. Int J Surg. 2015;18:184-90.

Erel S, Eryilmaz NC, Cindoruk M, Inan G. Sedation related complications in gastrointestinal interventions: a single-center prospective observational study. Anestezi Dergisi. 2025;33(3):202-10.

Ekstein M, Gavish D, Ezri T, Weinbroum AA. Monitored anaesthesia care in the elderly: guidelines and recommendations. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(6):477-500.

Travis AC, Pievsky D, Saltzman JR. Endoscopy in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1495-501.

Fritz E, Kirchgatterer A, Hubner D, Aschl G, Hinterreiter M, Stadler B, et al. ERCP is safe and effective in patients 80 years of age and older compared with younger patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(6):899-905.

Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Chatzimavroudis G, Zavos C, Terzoudis S, Pilpilidis I, et al. Outpatient therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is safe in patients aged 80 years and older. Endoscopy. 2011;43(2):128-33.

Salminen P, Grönroos JM. Anesthesiologist assistance in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures in the elderly: is it worthwhile? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21(6):517-9.

Attanasio A, Bedin M, Stocco S, Negrin V, Biancon A, Cecchetto G, et al. Clinical outcomes and complications of enteral nutrition among older adults. Minerva Med. 2009;100(2):159-66.

Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Buchanan NN, Stump TE, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1048-54.

Clarke GA, Jacobson BC, Hammett RJ, Carr-Locke DL. The indications, utilization and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy in an extremely elderly patient cohort. Endoscopy. 2001;33(7):580-4.

Lee TC, Huang SP, Yang JY, Chang CY, Liou JM, Liu CH, et al. Age is not a discriminating factor for outcomes of therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(77):1319-22.

Lockhart SP, Schofield PM, Gribble RJ, Baron JH. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the elderly. Br Med J. 1985;290(6464):283.

Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Compañy L, Ruiz F, Gómez-Escolar L, Mozas I, et al. Safety of continuous propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2011;103(2):76-82.

Arora G, Mannalithara A, Singh G, Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Risk of perforation from a colonoscopy in adults: a large population-based study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(3 Pt 2):654-64.

Day LW, Kwon A, Inadomi JM, Walter LC, Somsouk M. Adverse events in older patients undergoing colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(4):885-96.

Lukens FJ, Loeb DS, Machicao VI, Achem SR, Picco MF. Colonoscopy in octogenarians: a prospective outpatient study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(7):1722-5.

Riphaus A, Stergiou N, Wehrmann T. Sedation with propofol for routine ERCP in high-risk octogenarians: a randomized, controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(9):1957-63.

Schilling D, Rosenbaum A, Schweizer S, Richter H, Rumstadt B. Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopy by trained nurses in high-risk octogenarians: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Endoscopy. 2009;41(4):295-8.

Sternberg SA, Schwartz AW, Karunananthan S, Bergman H, Mark Clarfield A. The identification of frailty: a systematic literature review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(11):2129-38.

Kojima G, Iliffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):193-200.

Shinall MC, Arya S, Youk A, Varley P, Shah R, Massarweh NN, et al. Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(1):e194620-e.

Rejeski J, Xiao T, Wheless W, Pajewski NM, Jensen E, Callahan KE. An automated electronic health-record derived frailty index is associated with adverse events after endoscopy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;70(2):629.

Lu Q, Lv X-H, Tang L, Yan H-L, Xia B-H, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence of colonoscopy-related adverse events in older adults aged over 65 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2025;111(4):3051-60.

Taleban S, Toosizadeh N, Junna S, Golden T, Ghazala S, Wadeea R, et al. Frailty assessment predicts acute outcomes in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(12):3272-80.

Bautista A, Hrushka L, Lenhardt R. Procedural sedation in the morbidly obese: implications, complications, and management. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2020;58(3):41-6.

Joshi GP, Ankichetty SP, Gan TJ, Chung F. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on preoperative selection of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea scheduled for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1060-8.

Garg S, Syed S, Perisetti A, Inamdar S, Vargo J. Patient characteristics and procedural outcomes of moderate sedation for endoscopic procedures in patients with obesity: a retrospective, propensity score-matched study. Endosc Int Open. 2021;9(11):E1674-E9.

Jirapinyo P, Thompson CC. Sedation challenges: obesity and sleep apnea. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2016;26(3):527-37.

Ceban F, Abayomi N, Saripella A, Ariaratnam J, Katsnelson G, Yan E, et al. Adverse events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing procedural sedation in ambulatory settings: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2025;80:102029.

Sundararaman L, Goudra B. Sedation for GI endoscopy in the morbidly obese: challenges and possible solutions. J Clin Med. 2024;13(16):4635.

Singh M, Liao P, Kobah S, Wijeysundera DN, Shapiro C, Chung F. Proportion of surgical patients with undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(4):629-36.

Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang Questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631-8.

Rosenblatt WH. The Airway Approach Algorithm: a decision tree for organizing preoperative airway information. J Clinical Anesth. 2004;16(4):312-6.

Ractice P. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Robles CRF, Oprea AD. Procedural sedation in high-risk patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2025;39(3):245-54.

Gupta PK, Gupta H, Sundaram A, Kaushik M, Fang X, Miller WJ, et al. Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):381-7.

Lamperti M, Romero CS, Guarracino F, Cammarota G, Vetrugno L, Tufegdzic B, et al. Preoperative assessment of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025;42(1):1-35.

Hlatky MA, Boineau RE, Higginbotham MB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Califf RM, et al. A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(10):651-4.

Song JW, Soh S, Shim J-K. Monitored anesthesia care for cardiovascular interventions. Korean Circ J. 2020;50(1):1-11.

Members ATF, Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Anker S, Bøtker HE, et al. 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: the Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(35):2383-431.

Hara T, Ozawa A, Shibutani K, Tsujino K, Miyauchi Y, Kawano T, et al. Practical guide for safe sedation. J Anesth. 2023;37(3):340-56.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19(4):436-42.

Anesthesiologists ASo. Statement on Continuum of Depth of Sedation: definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. 2019.

Ramsay M, Savege T, Simpson B, Goodwin ER. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J. 1974;2(5920):656-9.

Chernik DA, Gillings D, Laine H, Hendler J, Silver JM, Davidson AB, et al. Validity and reliability of the observer's: Assessment of alertness/sedation scale: study with Intravenous midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10(4):244-51.

Burton JH, Harrah JD, Germann CA, Dillon DC. Does end‐tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices? Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(5):500-4.

Elliott M, Tate R, Page K. Do clinicians know how to use pulse oximetry? A literature review and clinical implications. Aust Crit Care. 2006;19(4):139-44.

Urman RD, Gross WL, Philip BK. Anesthesia outside the operating room: Oxford University Press. 2018.

Olsen F, Suyderhoud JP, Khanna AK. Respiratory monitoring of nonintubated patients in nonoperating room settings: old and new technologies. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2022;35(4):521-7.

Krauss B, Hess DR. Capnography for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(2):172-81.

Deitch K, Miner J, Chudnofsky CR, Dominici P, Latta D. Does end tidal CO2 monitoring during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia with propofol decrease the incidence of hypoxic events? A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(3):258-64.

Krauss BS, Andolfatto G, Krauss BA, Mieloszyk RJ, Monuteaux MC. Characteristics of and predictors for apnea and clinical interventions during procedural sedation. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68(5):564-73.

Mohr NM, Stoltze A, Ahmed A, Kiscaden E, Shane D. Using continuous quantitative capnography for emergency department procedural sedation: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(1):75-85.

Metzner J, Posner KL, Domino KB. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2009;22(4):502-8.

Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW, Caplan RA, Lee LA, Domino KB. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(2):228-34.

Yeh T, Beutler SS, Urman RD. What we can learn from nonoperating room anesthesia registries: analysis of clinical outcomes and closed claims data. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2020;33(4):527-32.

Eden N, Rajan S. ASA monitoring standards. Advanced Anesthesia Review. Ed. Sayeed AA. Oxford University Press. 2023:19.

Buhre W, Rossaint R. Perioperative management and monitoring in anaesthesia. Lancet. 2003;362(9398):1839-46.

Goudra B, Nuzat A, Singh PM, Gouda GB, Carlin A, Manjunath AK. Cardiac arrests in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a retrospective analysis of 73,029 procedures. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(6):400-11.

Meidert AS, Saugel B. Techniques for non-invasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;8:4:231.

Sadat U, Cooper DG, Gillard JH, Walsh SR, Hayes PD. Impact of the type of anesthesia on outcome after elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: literature review. Vascular. 2008;16(6):340-5.

Miller LK, Patel VI, Wagener G. Spinal cord protection for thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36(2):577-86.

Stortecky S, Buellesfeld L, Wenaweser P, Windecker S. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the procedure. Heart. 2012;98(4):44-51.

Bartels K, Esper SA, Thiele RH. Blood pressure monitoring for the anesthesiologist: a practical review. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(6):1866-79.

Liu J, Singh H, White PF. Electroencephalographic bispectral index correlates with intraoperative recall and depth of propofol-induced sedation. Anesth Analg. 1997;84(1):185-9.

Johansen JW. Update on bispectral index monitoring. Best Prac Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006;20(1):81-99.

Routman J, Boggs SD. Patient monitoring in the nonoperating room anesthesia (NORA) setting: current advances in technology. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2021;34(4):430-6.

Pino RM. The nature of anesthesia and procedural sedation outside of the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(4):347-51.

Lee CK, Dong SH, Kim ES, Moon SH, Park HJ, Yang DH, et al. Room for quality improvement in endoscopist-directed sedation: results from the first nationwide survey in Korea. Gut Liver. 2016;10(1):83-94.

Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on moderate procedural sedation and analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Kurtipek Ö. Sedasyon ve Hukuki Sorumluluklar. In: Işık B, editor. Anestezi Pratiğinde Sedasyon. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi; 2019.

ANZ P. PG09 (G) BP Guideline on procedural sedation Background Paper 2023.

Blitz JD, Kendale SM, Jain SK, Cuff GE, Kim JT, Rosenberg AD. Preoperative evaluation clinic visit is associated with decreased risk of in-hospital postoperative mortality. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(2):280-94.

Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, Santos J, Costa J, De Robertis E, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. EJA. 2018;35(1):6-24.

L. İyilikçi, Y. Karaman. Ameliyathane dışı anestezi uygulamaları TARD kılavuzu. Türk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derneği. 2022.

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System.

Hackett NJ, De Oliveira GS, Jain UK, Kim JY. ASA class is a reliable independent predictor of medical complications and mortality following surgery. Int J Surg. 2015;18:184-90.

Erel S, Eryilmaz NC, Cindoruk M, Inan G. Sedation related complications in gastrointestinal interventions: a single-center prospective observational study. Anestezi Dergisi. 2025;33(3):202-10.

Ekstein M, Gavish D, Ezri T, Weinbroum AA. Monitored anaesthesia care in the elderly: guidelines and recommendations. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(6):477-500.

Travis AC, Pievsky D, Saltzman JR. Endoscopy in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1495-501.

Fritz E, Kirchgatterer A, Hubner D, Aschl G, Hinterreiter M, Stadler B, et al. ERCP is safe and effective in patients 80 years of age and older compared with younger patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(6):899-905.

Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Chatzimavroudis G, Zavos C, Terzoudis S, Pilpilidis I, et al. Outpatient therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is safe in patients aged 80 years and older. Endoscopy. 2011;43(2):128-33.

Salminen P, Grönroos JM. Anesthesiologist assistance in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures in the elderly: is it worthwhile? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21(6):517-9.

Attanasio A, Bedin M, Stocco S, Negrin V, Biancon A, Cecchetto G, et al. Clinical outcomes and complications of enteral nutrition among older adults. Minerva Med. 2009;100(2):159-66.

Callahan CM, Haag KM, Weinberger M, Tierney WM, Buchanan NN, Stump TE, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among older adults in a community setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1048-54.

Clarke GA, Jacobson BC, Hammett RJ, Carr-Locke DL. The indications, utilization and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy in an extremely elderly patient cohort. Endoscopy. 2001;33(7):580-4.

Lee TC, Huang SP, Yang JY, Chang CY, Liou JM, Liu CH, et al. Age is not a discriminating factor for outcomes of therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(77):1319-22.

Lockhart SP, Schofield PM, Gribble RJ, Baron JH. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the elderly. Br Med J. 1985;290(6464):283.

Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Compañy L, Ruiz F, Gómez-Escolar L, Mozas I, et al. Safety of continuous propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2011;103(2):76-82.

Arora G, Mannalithara A, Singh G, Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Risk of perforation from a colonoscopy in adults: a large population-based study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(3 Pt 2):654-64.

Day LW, Kwon A, Inadomi JM, Walter LC, Somsouk M. Adverse events in older patients undergoing colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(4):885-96.

Lukens FJ, Loeb DS, Machicao VI, Achem SR, Picco MF. Colonoscopy in octogenarians: a prospective outpatient study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(7):1722-5.

Riphaus A, Stergiou N, Wehrmann T. Sedation with propofol for routine ERCP in high-risk octogenarians: a randomized, controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(9):1957-63.

Schilling D, Rosenbaum A, Schweizer S, Richter H, Rumstadt B. Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopy by trained nurses in high-risk octogenarians: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Endoscopy. 2009;41(4):295-8.

Sternberg SA, Schwartz AW, Karunananthan S, Bergman H, Mark Clarfield A. The identification of frailty: a systematic literature review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(11):2129-38.

Kojima G, Iliffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):193-200.

Shinall MC, Arya S, Youk A, Varley P, Shah R, Massarweh NN, et al. Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(1):e194620-e.

Rejeski J, Xiao T, Wheless W, Pajewski NM, Jensen E, Callahan KE. An automated electronic health-record derived frailty index is associated with adverse events after endoscopy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;70(2):629.

Lu Q, Lv X-H, Tang L, Yan H-L, Xia B-H, Wang Z, et al. Prevalence of colonoscopy-related adverse events in older adults aged over 65 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2025;111(4):3051-60.

Taleban S, Toosizadeh N, Junna S, Golden T, Ghazala S, Wadeea R, et al. Frailty assessment predicts acute outcomes in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(12):3272-80.

Bautista A, Hrushka L, Lenhardt R. Procedural sedation in the morbidly obese: implications, complications, and management. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2020;58(3):41-6.

Joshi GP, Ankichetty SP, Gan TJ, Chung F. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on preoperative selection of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea scheduled for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1060-8.

Garg S, Syed S, Perisetti A, Inamdar S, Vargo J. Patient characteristics and procedural outcomes of moderate sedation for endoscopic procedures in patients with obesity: a retrospective, propensity score-matched study. Endosc Int Open. 2021;9(11):E1674-E9.

Jirapinyo P, Thompson CC. Sedation challenges: obesity and sleep apnea. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2016;26(3):527-37.

Ceban F, Abayomi N, Saripella A, Ariaratnam J, Katsnelson G, Yan E, et al. Adverse events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing procedural sedation in ambulatory settings: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2025;80:102029.

Sundararaman L, Goudra B. Sedation for GI endoscopy in the morbidly obese: challenges and possible solutions. J Clin Med. 2024;13(16):4635.

Singh M, Liao P, Kobah S, Wijeysundera DN, Shapiro C, Chung F. Proportion of surgical patients with undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(4):629-36.

Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang Questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631-8.

Rosenblatt WH. The Airway Approach Algorithm: a decision tree for organizing preoperative airway information. J Clinical Anesth. 2004;16(4):312-6.

Ractice P. Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-79.

Robles CRF, Oprea AD. Procedural sedation in high-risk patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2025;39(3):245-54.

Gupta PK, Gupta H, Sundaram A, Kaushik M, Fang X, Miller WJ, et al. Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):381-7.

Lamperti M, Romero CS, Guarracino F, Cammarota G, Vetrugno L, Tufegdzic B, et al. Preoperative assessment of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025;42(1):1-35.

Hlatky MA, Boineau RE, Higginbotham MB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Califf RM, et al. A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(10):651-4.

Song JW, Soh S, Shim J-K. Monitored anesthesia care for cardiovascular interventions. Korean Circ J. 2020;50(1):1-11.

Members ATF, Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Anker S, Bøtker HE, et al. 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: the Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(35):2383-431.

Hara T, Ozawa A, Shibutani K, Tsujino K, Miyauchi Y, Kawano T, et al. Practical guide for safe sedation. J Anesth. 2023;37(3):340-56.

Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19(4):436-42.

Anesthesiologists ASo. Statement on Continuum of Depth of Sedation: definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. 2019.

Ramsay M, Savege T, Simpson B, Goodwin ER. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J. 1974;2(5920):656-9.

Chernik DA, Gillings D, Laine H, Hendler J, Silver JM, Davidson AB, et al. Validity and reliability of the observer's: Assessment of alertness/sedation scale: study with Intravenous midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10(4):244-51.

Burton JH, Harrah JD, Germann CA, Dillon DC. Does end‐tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices? Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(5):500-4.

Elliott M, Tate R, Page K. Do clinicians know how to use pulse oximetry? A literature review and clinical implications. Aust Crit Care. 2006;19(4):139-44.

Urman RD, Gross WL, Philip BK. Anesthesia outside the operating room: Oxford University Press. 2018.

Olsen F, Suyderhoud JP, Khanna AK. Respiratory monitoring of nonintubated patients in nonoperating room settings: old and new technologies. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2022;35(4):521-7.

Krauss B, Hess DR. Capnography for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(2):172-81.

Deitch K, Miner J, Chudnofsky CR, Dominici P, Latta D. Does end tidal CO2 monitoring during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia with propofol decrease the incidence of hypoxic events? A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(3):258-64.

Krauss BS, Andolfatto G, Krauss BA, Mieloszyk RJ, Monuteaux MC. Characteristics of and predictors for apnea and clinical interventions during procedural sedation. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68(5):564-73.

Mohr NM, Stoltze A, Ahmed A, Kiscaden E, Shane D. Using continuous quantitative capnography for emergency department procedural sedation: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(1):75-85.

Metzner J, Posner KL, Domino KB. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2009;22(4):502-8.

Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW, Caplan RA, Lee LA, Domino KB. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(2):228-34.

Yeh T, Beutler SS, Urman RD. What we can learn from nonoperating room anesthesia registries: analysis of clinical outcomes and closed claims data. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2020;33(4):527-32.

Eden N, Rajan S. ASA monitoring standards. Advanced Anesthesia Review. Ed. Sayeed AA. Oxford University Press. 2023:19.

Buhre W, Rossaint R. Perioperative management and monitoring in anaesthesia. Lancet. 2003;362(9398):1839-46.

Goudra B, Nuzat A, Singh PM, Gouda GB, Carlin A, Manjunath AK. Cardiac arrests in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a retrospective analysis of 73,029 procedures. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(6):400-11.

Meidert AS, Saugel B. Techniques for non-invasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;8:4:231.

Sadat U, Cooper DG, Gillard JH, Walsh SR, Hayes PD. Impact of the type of anesthesia on outcome after elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: literature review. Vascular. 2008;16(6):340-5.

Miller LK, Patel VI, Wagener G. Spinal cord protection for thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36(2):577-86.

Stortecky S, Buellesfeld L, Wenaweser P, Windecker S. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the procedure. Heart. 2012;98(4):44-51.

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