Neoliberal Gıda Rejiminde Güvencesizlik: Küresel Nedenler, Ulusal Sonuçlar
Özet
Egemen politik-ekonomik söylem, gıda güvencesizliğini bireysel tercihler ya da bilgi eksikliği meselesine indirgediğinde neoliberal gıda rejiminin yapısal mantığı görünmez kılınır. Bu bölümde neoliberal gıda rejiminin bu mantığı üç farklı sosyoekonomik konumdaki tüketicilerin deneyimleri üzerinden ortaya konmaktadır. İlk senaryoda tüketicinin ekonomik kısıtı psikolojik tutumun da eklenmesiyle sağlıklı beslenmeye erişememesine neden olmaktadır. İkincisinde tedarik zincirinin şeffaf olmaması nedeniyle tüketici, gıdanın gerçek risk profilinden sistematik olarak uzak kalmaktadır. Üçüncüsünde ise sertifikasyon sistemleri arasındaki çıkar çatışmaları ekonomik ve kültürel sermayesi olan tüketiciyi sahte bir güven imajı içinde bırakmaktadır. Türkiye, bu bölümde hem küresel gıda zinciri içerisinde ihracatçı konumu hem de iç pazarında yapısal güvencesizlik yaşaması nedeniyle bu farklı senaryolar için somut bir örnek sunmaktadır. Bölüm, gıda güvencesizliğinin varlığını sürdürdüğünü ve biçim değiştirdiğini göstermektedir. Yoksul için ekonomik ve psikolojik olarak görülen kısıt, orta gelirli için görünmeyen kimyasal risk, üst gelirli için ise sahte güvenliğe dönüşmektedir. Bu nedenle çözüm, tüketicinin eğitilmesini savunan bireysel yaklaşımlar yerine tedarik zincirinin şeffaf hâle getirilmesi ve bilgi hakkının kamusal bir hak olarak yeniden inşa edilmesidir.
Dominant political-economic discourse reduces food insecurity to a matter of individual preferences or a lack of information, thereby rendering the structural logic of the neoliberal food regime invisible. This chapter reveals this logic by examining the experiences of consumers in three distinct socioeconomic positions. In the first scenario, economic constraints and psychological factors prevent the consumer from accessing healthy nutrition. In the second, a lack of transparency in the supply chain obscures the food's actual risk profile. In the third, conflicts of interest within certification systems leave the consumer—despite possessing economic and cultural capital—with only a false sense of security. Turkey exemplifies these dynamics, operating as both an exporter within the global food chain and a site of structural precarity in its domestic market. The chapter demonstrates that food insecurity persists and transforms across these contexts. For the poor, the constraint manifests as economic and psychological; for the middle‑income group, it becomes an invisible chemical risk; for the higher‑income group, it turns into a purchased illusion of safety. Consequently, the solution requires not individualistic consumer education, but the systematic transformation of the supply chain toward transparency and the reconstruction of the right to information as a public right.
Referanslar
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Carson, R. (2004). Sessiz bahar (Ç. Güler, Çev.). Palme Yayıncılık. (Orijinal yayın tarihi: 1962)
Carolan, M. (2012). The sociology of food and agriculture. Routledge.
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Keyder, Ç., & Yenal, Z. (2013). Bildiğimiz Tarımın Sonu: Küresel İktidar ve Köylülük. İletişim Yayınları.
Kıymaz, T., & Şahinöz, A. (2010). Dünya ve Türkiye-Gıda Güvencesi Durumu. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 21(76), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.20045
Koç, G., & Uzmay, A. (2015). Gıda güvencesi ve gıda güvenliği: Kavramsal çerçeve, gelişmeler ve Türkiye. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 21(1 ve 2), 39-48. https://izlik.org/JA42CP49HC
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Lytton, T. D., & McAllister, L. K. (2014). Oversight in private food safety auditing: Addressing auditor conflict of interest. Wisconsin Law Review, 2014(2), 289-335.
Maynard, M., Meyer, S., Perlman, C., & Kirkpatrick, S. (2018). Experiences of food insecurity among undergraduate students: “You can’t starve yourself through school”. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 48(2), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.7202/1057107ar
McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime genealogy. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(1), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820354
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Patel, R. (2007). Stuffed and starved: The hidden battle for the world food system. HarperCollins.
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Referanslar
Albritton, R. (2009). Let them eat junk: How capitalism creates hunger and obesity. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183pbv8
Alkon, A. H., & Agyeman, J. (Eds.). (2011). Cultivating food justice: Race, class, and sustainability. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8922.001.0001
Anker, R. (2011). Engel’s law around the world 150 years later (Working Paper No. 247). Political Economy Research Institute. https://peri.umass.edu/wp-content/uploads/joomla/images/publication/WP247.pdf
Beaulac, J., Kristjansson, E., & Cummins, S. (2009). A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007. Preventing chronic disease, 6(3), A105.
Bohannon, J. (2002). Zambia rejects GM corn on scientists’ advice. Science, 298, 1153-1154. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5596.1153a
Bourdieu, P. (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi. (Derya Fırat Şannan & Ayşe Günce Berkkurt, Çev.). Heretik Yayıncılık. (Orijinal yayın tarihi: 1979)
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Carson, R. (2004). Sessiz bahar (Ç. Güler, Çev.). Palme Yayıncılık. (Orijinal yayın tarihi: 1962)
Carolan, M. (2012). The sociology of food and agriculture. Routledge.
Clapp, J. (2016). Food. (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
Clapp, J., & Fuchs, D. (Eds.). (2009). Corporate power in global agrifood governance. MIT Press.
Cummins, S., & Macintyre, S. (2002). “Food deserts”—evidence and assumption in health policy making. BMJ, 325(7361), 436-438. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7361.436
Cupolo, D., & Beşevli, S. (2024, 23 Ocak). Turkey banned a hazardous pesticide in 2020. It's still showing up in food. Turkey Recap. https://www.turkeyrecap.com/p/turkey-banned-a-hazardous-pesticide
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Freidberg, S. (2004). French beans and food scares: Culture and commerce in an anxious Age. Oxford University Press.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.
Friedmann, H. (1995). The international political economy of food: A global crisis. International Journal of Health Services, 25(3), 511-538. https://doi.org/10.2190/451A-896W-GGLK-ELXT
Friedmann, H. (2005). From colonialism to green capitalism: Social movements and emergence of food regimes. Research in Rural Sociology and Development, 11, 227-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-1922(05)11009-9
Guthman, J. (2004). The trouble with ‘organic lite‘in California: a rejoinder to the ‘conventionalisation‘debate. Sociologia ruralis, 44(3), 301-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00277.x
Guthman, J. (2011). Weighing in: Obesity, food justice, and the limits of capitalism. University of California Press.
Hatt, K., & Hatt, K. (2012). Neoliberalizing food safety and the 2008 Canadian listeriosis outbreak. Agriculture and Human Values, 29(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-011-9317-y
Hatanaka, M., & Busch, L. (2008). Third‐party certification in the global agrifood system: An objective or socially mediated governance mechanism?. Sociologia ruralis, 48(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00453.x
Henson, S., & Loader, R. (2001). Barriers to agricultural exports from developing countries: the role of sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. World development, 29(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00085-1
Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Friends of the Earth Europe, & Pesticide Action Network Europe. (2022). Pesticide Atlas: Facts and figures about toxic chemicals in agriculture. https://eu.boell.org/en/PesticideAtlas-PDF
HLPE. (2020). Food security and nutrition: building a global narrative towards 2030. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8357b6eb-8010-4254-814a-1493faaf4a93/content
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İklim Haber. (2025, 13 Haziran). Bakanlığa göre pestisit analizlerinin açıklanmasının kamuya faydası yok! https://www.iklimhaber.org/bakanliga-gore-pestisit-analizlerinin-aciklanmasinin-kamuya-faydasi-yok/
Keyder, Ç., & Yenal, Z. (2013). Bildiğimiz Tarımın Sonu: Küresel İktidar ve Köylülük. İletişim Yayınları.
Kıymaz, T., & Şahinöz, A. (2010). Dünya ve Türkiye-Gıda Güvencesi Durumu. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 21(76), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.20045
Koç, G., & Uzmay, A. (2015). Gıda güvencesi ve gıda güvenliği: Kavramsal çerçeve, gelişmeler ve Türkiye. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 21(1 ve 2), 39-48. https://izlik.org/JA42CP49HC
Kotsanopoulos, K. V., & Arvanitoyannis, I. S. (2017). The role of auditing, food safety, and food quality standards in the food industry: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(5), 760-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12293
Lien, M. E., & Nerlich, B. (Eds.). (2004). The politics of food. Berg Publishers.
Lytton, T. D., & McAllister, L. K. (2014). Oversight in private food safety auditing: Addressing auditor conflict of interest. Wisconsin Law Review, 2014(2), 289-335.
Maynard, M., Meyer, S., Perlman, C., & Kirkpatrick, S. (2018). Experiences of food insecurity among undergraduate students: “You can’t starve yourself through school”. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 48(2), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.7202/1057107ar
McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime genealogy. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(1), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820354
Mintz, S. W. (1985). Sweetness and power: The place of sugar in modern history. Penguin Books.
Nestle, M. (2002). Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. University of California Press.
Nestle, M. (2010). Safe food: The politics of food safety (Updated and expanded ed.). University of California Press.
Nestle, M. (2018). Unsavory truth: How food companies skew the science of what we eat. Basic Books.
Nixon, R. (2011). Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor. Harvard University Press.
Niyaz, Ö. C., & İnan, İ. H. (2016). Türkiye’de gıda güvencesinin mevcut durumunun değerlendirilmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.293375
Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M. (2010). Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. Bloomsbury Press.
Orwell, G. (2017). Wigan İskelesi Yolu (Levent Konca, Çev.). Can Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi: 1937)
Pesticide Action Network Europe [PAN Europe]. (2024, 24 Eylül). Double standards, double risk: Banned pesticides in Europe's food supply. https://www.pan-europe.info/sites/pan-europe.info/files/public/resources/reports/Report_Double%20standards%2C%20double%20risk.pdf
Patel, R. (2007). Stuffed and starved: The hidden battle for the world food system. HarperCollins.
Piglowski, M. (2022). Notifications on pesticide residues in the rapid alert system for food and feed (RASFF). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148525
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2009). Food security: definition and measurement. Food security, 1(1), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-008-0002-y
Powell, D. A., Erdozain, S., Dodd, C., Costa, R., Morley, K., & Chapman, B. J. (2013). Audits and inspections are never enough: A critique to enhance food safety. Food Control, 30(2), 686-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.044
Proctor, R., & Schiebinger, L. (Eds.). (2008). Agnotology: The making and unmaking of ignorance. Stanford University Press.
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