Protozoal Lenfadenitler
Özet
Toxoplasma gondii ve Leishmania türleri lenfadenopatiye yol açabilen protozoonlardır. Toksoplazmanın ana konağı kedidir. İnsana kontamine besinlerin ve parazit kisti içeren iyi pişmemiş etlerin tüketilmesi, transplasental yol ve organ nakli ile bulaşabilir. Hastalık immün sistemi yeterli kişilerde hafif semptomlarla geçirilerek kendiliğinden iyileşir. En sık klinik bulgu servikal, oksipital veya supraklaviküler bölgelerde izlenen lenfadenopatidir. Histopatolojik incelemede florid folliküler hiperplazi, iyi sınırlandırılmamış granülom/mikrogranülom yapıları halinde germinal merkezleri infiltre eden epiteloid histiyosit grupları ve monositoid B hücre hiperplazisi izlenir. Parazit kistleri içerisinde bradizoitler, immün sistemi baskılanmış kişilerdeyse yarım ay şeklinde taşizoitler saptanabilir. Mikroorganizma Giemsa ile belirginleştirilebilir, immünhistokimyasal anti-Toksoplazma antikoru ile belirlenebilir. Leishmania türlerinin vektörü dişi kum sinekleridir. İnsana sinek ısırığıyla bulaşır. Lenfadenopatinin eşlik ettiği kutanöz (Şark çıbanı), mukokutanöz veya visseral (Kala-azar) hastalık gelişebilir. İzole lenfadenopati nadirdir. Histopatolojik incelemede reaktif germinal merkezlere sahip hiperplastik folliküller, germinal merkezleri infiltre edebilen küçük epiteloid histiyosit grupları, dev hücrelerin ve nekrozun eşlik edebildiği organize granülom yapıları izlenir. Amastigotlar histiyosit ve dev hücrelerin sitoplazmasında saptanabilir (Leishmania-Donovan cisimleri). Mikroorganizmaların belirlenmesinde Weigert demir hematoksilen, Giemsa ve immünhistokimyasal CD1a antikoru faydalıdır.
Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania species are protozoa that can cause lymphadenopathy. The main host of Toxoplasma is cats. Transmission to humans can occur through the consumption of contaminated food and undercooked meat containing parasite cysts, as well as via the transplacental route and transplantation. In immunocompetent individuals, the disease resolves spontaneously with mild symptoms. The most common clinical finding is lymphadenopathy observed in the cervical, occipital, or supraclavicular regions. Histopathological examination reveals florid follicular hyperplasia, groups of epithelioid histiocytes infiltrating germinal centers in the form of poorly demarcated granulomas/microgranulomas, and monocytoid B cell hyperplasia. Bradyzoites may be found within the parasite cysts, and in immunocompromised individuals, crescent-shaped tachyzoites may be detected. The microorganism can be identified with Giemsa and detected immunohistochemically with anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Female sandflies are the vectors of Leishmania species. It is transmitted to humans through fly bites. Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral disease accompanied by lymphadenopathy may develop. Isolated lymphadenopathy is rare. Histopathological examination reveals hyperplastic follicles with reactive germinal centers, small groups of epithelioid histiocytes infiltrating the germinal centers, and organized granuloma structures that may be accompanied by giant cells and necrosis. Amastigotes can be detected in the cytoplasm of histiocytes and giant cells (Leishmania-Donovan bodies). Weigert iron hematoxylin, Giemsa, and immunohistochemical CD1a antibody are useful in identifying microorganisms.
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