Maloklüzyon ve Oklüzal Bozukluklar
Özet
Veteriner ortodontinin önemli patolojilerinden biri olan maloklüzyon; dişlerin normal olmayan pozisyonlanması olarak tanımlanır. Kedi ve köpeklerde normal oklüzyonu tanımlamak, klinik pratikte maloklüzyonun tanısı için çok önemlidir. Normal oklüzyon ırk ve kraniyal morfolojiye (mesaticefalik, dolikosefalik, brakisefalik) bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterir. Ancak normal kapanış tipi “makas kapanışı” (scissor bite) olarak kabul edilir. Maloklüzyon ise; çene uzunluğu ve/veya genişliğindeki uyumsuzluklardan kaynaklanan iskeletsel maloklüzyon, dişlerin anormal konumlanmasına bağlı dental maloklüzyon ya da her iki durumun birlikte görülmesinden ortaya çıkar. Maloklüzyonların tanısında standardizasyon sağlamak amacıyla, “Angle” sınıflandırma sistemi kullanılarak olgular sınıf I’den sınıf IV’e kadar derecelendirilmiştir. Kalıtsal ve edinsel nedenlere bağlı maloklüzyon olguları, klinik pratikte yaygın olarak karşılaşılan patolojilerdir. Bu bozukluğun temelinde; çene uzunluğundaki uyumsuzluklar, dişlerin yanlış konumlanması, düşmeyen süt dişleri veya travma olabilir. Sağaltım seçenekleri arasında maloklüzyonun tipine ve derecesine bağlı olarak; koruyucu ortodonti, ortodontik düzeltme, koronal amputasyon, pulpa restorasyonu, diş veya dişlerin ekstraksiyonu ve cerrahi girişimlere kadar geniş bir alternatif bulunur. Sağaltımın amacı, estetik bir düzeltmeden ziyade fonksiyonel, ağrısız ve ırka özgü normal oklüzyon sağlamaktır.
Malocclusion, one of the major pathologies in veterinary orthodontics, is defined as the abnormal positioning of the teeth. The accurate identification of normal occlusion in cats and dogs is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of malocclusion. Normal occlusion varies among breeds and skull conformations (mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, and brachycephalic), while the ideal occlusal relationship is considered to be the scissor bite. Malocclusions may arise from discrepancies in mandibular or maxillary length and/or width (skeletal malocclusion), from abnormal tooth positioning (dental malocclusion), or from a combination of both factors. To ensure diagnostic standardization, the Angle classification system is used to categorize cases from Class I to Class IV. Malocclusions of hereditary or acquired origin are common in clinical practice. The underlying causes may include jaw length discrepancies, improper tooth alignment, persistent deciduous teeth, or trauma. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of malocclusion and may include preventive orthodontics, orthodontic correction using appliances, coronal amputation, vital pulp therapy, tooth extraction, or surgical intervention. The primary objective of treatment is not cosmetic correction but rather the restoration of a functional, pain-free, and breed-appropriate occlusion.
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