Fiziksel Yetersizliği Olan Çocuklar
Özet
Erken çocukluk dönemi tüm gelişim alanlarında olduğu gibi motor gelişim alanında da kazanımların hızlı olduğu kritik bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde normal gelişim içerisinde çocuk, günlük yaşamı için gerekli motor becerileri edinir. Gelişimde yaşanacak olası gecikmeler erken çocukluk döneminde erken tanı ve müdahale ile en aza indirilerek çocuğun ve ailenin yaşam kalitesinin arttırılması hedeflenmektedir. Normal motor gelişim, santral sinir sisteminin yapısal ve fonksiyonel olgunlaşması, anatomik yapıların yeterli gelişimi, çocuğun çevreyle etkileşimi gibi pek çok faktöre bağlıdır. Erken çocukluk döneminde motor gelişimde gecikmeler çoğunlukla nörolojik, genetik, metabolik ya da kas-iskelet sistemi kaynaklı hastalıklarla ilişkilidir. Bebeklik döneminde gözlemlenen hipotoni, hipertoni veya postüral kontrol bozuklukları gibi klinik bulgular motor problemlerin erken dönemde fark edilmesi, altta yatan etiyolojinin aydınlatılması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu bölümde erken çocukluk döneminde motor problemlere yol açan sık görülen hastalık grupları ve neden olduğu motor problemler ile ilgili bilgilere yer verilecektir.
Early childhood is a critical period characterized by rapid acquisition of developmental milestones across all developmental domains, including motor development. During this period, children acquire the fundamental motor skills necessary for participitation in daily activities and independent functioning. Early identification and intervertion for developmental delays are essential for minimizing their impact and improving the quality of life of both the child and the family. Typical motor development depends on the interaction of multiple factors, including the structural and functional maturation of the central nervous system, adequate development of anatomical structures and the child’s engagement with the environment. Delay in motor development during early childhood are most commonly associated with neurologial, genetic, metabolic or musculoskeletal disorders. Clinical signs observed during infancy, such as hypotonia, hypertonia, and impairments in postural control are particularly important for the early recognition of motor difficulties and for identifying their underlying etiology. This chapter provides an overview of common disease groups associted with motor problems in early childhood and discusses the motor impairments resulting from these conditions.
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