Antibiyotik Kullanımı ve Enfeksiyon Kontrolü: Perikoronitis ve Cerrahi Profilaksi Yaklaşımları

Milic T, Raidoo P, Gebauer D. Antibiotic prophylaxis in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2021;59(6):633–642.

World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Marra F, George D, Chong M, et al. Antibiotic prescribing by dentists has increased: why? Journal of the American Dental Association. 2016;147(5):320–327.

Ye ZX, Qian WH, Wu YB, et al. Pathologies associated with the mandibular third molar impaction. Science Progress. 2021;104(2):1–10.

Camps-Font O, Sabado-Bundo H, Toledano-Serrabona J, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of dry socket and surgical site infection after lower third molar extraction: a network meta-analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2024;53:57–67.

Bayındır Y. Dental infeksiyonlarda doğru antibiyotik kullanımı. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;10(4):213–216.

Abdullah FM, Hatim QY, Oraibi AI, et al. Antimicrobial management of dental infections: updated review. Medicine. 2024;103(27):e38630.

Wade WG. The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):137–143.

Kilian M, Chapple ILC, Hannig M, et al. The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. British Dental Journal. 2016;221(10):657–666.

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2013;26(2):255–273.

Robertson D, Smith AJ. The microbiology of the acute dental abscess. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009;58(Pt 2):155–162.

Kuriyama T, Karasawa T, Nakagawa K, et al. Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive cocci isolated from pus specimens of orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2002;17(2):132–135.

Stefanopoulos PK, Kolokotronis AE. The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2004;98(4):398–408.

Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontology 2000. 2002;28:12–55.

Bogacz M, Mrozik A, Walecka-Zacharska E, et al. Evaluation of drug susceptibility of microorganisms in odontogenic inflammations and dental surgery procedures performed on an outpatient basis. BioMed Research International. 2019;2019:2010453.

Ardila CM, Bedoya-García JA. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with odontogenic infections: a systematic scoping review of prospective and experimental studies. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2022;14(11):e897–e911.

Wehr C, Cruz G, Young S, et al. An insight into acute pericoronitis and the need for an evidence-based standard of care. Dentistry Journal. 2019;7(3):88.

Boffano P, Roccia F, Gallesio C, et al. Surgical removal of impacted third molars: an epidemiological study. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2011;22(5):1695–1698.

Moloney J, Stassen LFA. Pericoronitis: treatment and a clinical dilemma. Journal of the Irish Dental Association. 2009;55(4):190–192.

Sixou JL, Magaud C, Jolivet-Gougeon A, et al. Microbiology of mandibular third molar pericoronitis: incidence of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2003;95(6):655–659.

Rajasuo A, Jousimies-Somer H, Savolainen S, et al. Bacteriologic findings in tonsillitis and pericoronitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1996;23(1):51–56.

Meechan JG, Macgregor ID, Rogers SN, et al. The effect of smoking on immediate post-extraction socket filling with blood and on the incidence of painful socket. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1988;26(5):402–409.

Figuero E, Carrillo-de-Albornoz A, Martín C, et al. Effect of pregnancy on gingival inflammation in systemically healthy women: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2013;40(5):457–473.

Halpern LR, Dodson TB. Does prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics prevent postoperative inflammatory complications after third molar surgery? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(2):177–185.

Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S14.

Graves DT, Cochran D. The contribution of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor to periodontal tissue destruction. Journal of Periodontology. 2003;74(3):391–401.

Opitz D, Cammerer U, Cammerer P, et al. Odontogenic infections: a 10-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;43(6):982–986.

Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.

Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2018.

Coulthard P, Bailey E, Esposito M, et al. Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(7):CD004345.

Flynn TR. Anatomy of oral and maxillofacial infections. In: Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR, eds. Oral and maxillofacial infections. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 188–213.

Bali RK, Sharma P, Gaba S, et al. A review of complications of odontogenic infections. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;6(2):136–143.

Peterson LJ. Contemporary management of deep infections of the neck. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1993;51(3):226–231.

Bridgeman JB, Gillgrass TG, McKenzie WS. Pericoronitis and its management. Dental Update. 1996;23(9):366–370.

Mathur S, Mathur T, Srivastava R, et al. Chlorhexidine: the gold standard in chemical plaque control. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2011;1(2):45–50.

Schmidt J, Kunderova M, Pilbauerova N, et al. A review of evidence-based recommendations for pericoronitis management and a systematic review of antibiotic prescribing for pericoronitis among dentists: inappropriate pericoronitis treatment is a critical factor of antibiotic overuse in dentistry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(13):6796.

Osunde OD, Saheeb BD, Bassey GO. Indications and risk factors for complications of lower third molar surgery in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. 2014;4(6):938–942.

Palmer NO, Martin MV, Pealing R, Ireland RS. Antibiotic prescribing guidance: perio, pulp and perforation. London: Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK); 2012.

Sutherland S, Matthews DC. Emergency management of acute dental infections: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 2002;68(10):601–606.

Ellison SJ. The role of phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and clindamycin in the management of acute dentoalveolar abscesses. Dental Update. 2009;36(2):86–90, 92–94.

Flynn TR, Shanti RM, Hayes C. Severe odontogenic infections, part 2: prospective outcomes study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2006;64(7):1104–1113.

Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, et al. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(12):CD004624.

Dhanrajani P, Smith M. Lower third molars: a review. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;5(2):245–246.

Vidović Juras D, Škrinjar I, Križnik T, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. Dentistry Journal. 2024;12(11):364.

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. American Journal of Infection Control. 1999;27(2):97–132.

Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Berini-Aytés L, et al. Incidence and clinical features of delayed-onset infections after extraction of lower third molars. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2005;99(3):265–269.

Ren YF, Malmstrom HS. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in third molar surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(10):1909–1921.

Lodi G, Figini L, Sardella A, et al. Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(11):CD003811.

Ramos E, Santamaría J, Santamaría G, et al. Do systemic antibiotics prevent dry socket and infection after third molar extraction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2016;122(4):403–425.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. NICE guideline [NG15]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015.

Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1736–1754.

Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2015;36(44):3075–3128.

Lago-Méndez L, Diniz-Freitas M, Senra-Rivera C, et al. Relationships between surgical difficulty and postoperative pain in lower third molar extractions. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(5):979–983.

Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, et al. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;326(5):281–286.

Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2013;70(3):195–283.

Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Baddour LM. The 2021 American Heart Association statement on prevention of infective endocarditis: what’s new? Journal of the American Dental Association. 2021;152(11):880–882.

Thornhill MH, Dayer M, Lockhart PB, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2017;19(2):9.

Martin MV, Kanatas AN, Hardy P. Antibiotic prophylaxis and third molar surgery. British Dental Journal. 2005;198(6):327–330. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812170.

Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: progress and challenges. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1213:62–69.

Poeschl PW, Eckel D, Poeschl E. Postoperative prophylactic antibiotic treatment in third molar surgery - a necessity? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2004;62(1):3–8.

Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277–283.

Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance - the need for global solutions. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2013;13(12):1057–1098.

Maron DF, Smith TJ, Nachman KE. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey. Global Health. 2013;9:48.

Marah ZA, Abdulrahman RF, Othman G, et al. A survey of systemic antibiotic prescription patterns amongst Iraqi dentists. International Dental Journal. 2022;72(3):338–344.

American Association of Endodontists. Use and abuse of antibiotics. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists; 2017.

World Health Organization. WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, et al. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2010;6:301–306.

Ustaoğlu G, Bilgin E, Ercan E, Kılıç AO. Probiyotikler: periodontolojide antibiyotiklere alternatif olabilir mi? Aydın Dental Journal. 2017;3(1):53–63.

Teughels W, Loozen G, Quirynen M. Do probiotics offer opportunities to manipulate the periodontal oral microbiota? Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2011;38(Suppl 11):159–177.

Gursoy H, Ozcakir-Tomruk C, Tanalp J, et al. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2013;17(4):1113–1125.

Gorr SU. Antimicrobial peptides of the oral cavity. Periodontology 2000. 2009;51:152–180.

Milic T, Raidoo P, Gebauer D. Antibiotic prophylaxis in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2021;59(6):633–642.

World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Marra F, George D, Chong M, et al. Antibiotic prescribing by dentists has increased: why? Journal of the American Dental Association. 2016;147(5):320–327.

Ye ZX, Qian WH, Wu YB, et al. Pathologies associated with the mandibular third molar impaction. Science Progress. 2021;104(2):1–10.

Camps-Font O, Sabado-Bundo H, Toledano-Serrabona J, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of dry socket and surgical site infection after lower third molar extraction: a network meta-analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2024;53:57–67.

Bayındır Y. Dental infeksiyonlarda doğru antibiyotik kullanımı. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;10(4):213–216.

Abdullah FM, Hatim QY, Oraibi AI, et al. Antimicrobial management of dental infections: updated review. Medicine. 2024;103(27):e38630.

Wade WG. The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):137–143.

Kilian M, Chapple ILC, Hannig M, et al. The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. British Dental Journal. 2016;221(10):657–666.

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Microbiology and treatment of acute apical abscesses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2013;26(2):255–273.

Robertson D, Smith AJ. The microbiology of the acute dental abscess. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009;58(Pt 2):155–162.

Kuriyama T, Karasawa T, Nakagawa K, et al. Bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive cocci isolated from pus specimens of orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2002;17(2):132–135.

Stefanopoulos PK, Kolokotronis AE. The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2004;98(4):398–408.

Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontology 2000. 2002;28:12–55.

Bogacz M, Mrozik A, Walecka-Zacharska E, et al. Evaluation of drug susceptibility of microorganisms in odontogenic inflammations and dental surgery procedures performed on an outpatient basis. BioMed Research International. 2019;2019:2010453.

Ardila CM, Bedoya-García JA. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with odontogenic infections: a systematic scoping review of prospective and experimental studies. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2022;14(11):e897–e911.

Wehr C, Cruz G, Young S, et al. An insight into acute pericoronitis and the need for an evidence-based standard of care. Dentistry Journal. 2019;7(3):88.

Boffano P, Roccia F, Gallesio C, et al. Surgical removal of impacted third molars: an epidemiological study. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2011;22(5):1695–1698.

Moloney J, Stassen LFA. Pericoronitis: treatment and a clinical dilemma. Journal of the Irish Dental Association. 2009;55(4):190–192.

Sixou JL, Magaud C, Jolivet-Gougeon A, et al. Microbiology of mandibular third molar pericoronitis: incidence of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2003;95(6):655–659.

Rajasuo A, Jousimies-Somer H, Savolainen S, et al. Bacteriologic findings in tonsillitis and pericoronitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1996;23(1):51–56.

Meechan JG, Macgregor ID, Rogers SN, et al. The effect of smoking on immediate post-extraction socket filling with blood and on the incidence of painful socket. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1988;26(5):402–409.

Figuero E, Carrillo-de-Albornoz A, Martín C, et al. Effect of pregnancy on gingival inflammation in systemically healthy women: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2013;40(5):457–473.

Halpern LR, Dodson TB. Does prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics prevent postoperative inflammatory complications after third molar surgery? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(2):177–185.

Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S14.

Graves DT, Cochran D. The contribution of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor to periodontal tissue destruction. Journal of Periodontology. 2003;74(3):391–401.

Opitz D, Cammerer U, Cammerer P, et al. Odontogenic infections: a 10-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;43(6):982–986.

Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.

Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2018.

Coulthard P, Bailey E, Esposito M, et al. Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(7):CD004345.

Flynn TR. Anatomy of oral and maxillofacial infections. In: Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR, eds. Oral and maxillofacial infections. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 188–213.

Bali RK, Sharma P, Gaba S, et al. A review of complications of odontogenic infections. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;6(2):136–143.

Peterson LJ. Contemporary management of deep infections of the neck. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1993;51(3):226–231.

Bridgeman JB, Gillgrass TG, McKenzie WS. Pericoronitis and its management. Dental Update. 1996;23(9):366–370.

Mathur S, Mathur T, Srivastava R, et al. Chlorhexidine: the gold standard in chemical plaque control. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2011;1(2):45–50.

Schmidt J, Kunderova M, Pilbauerova N, et al. A review of evidence-based recommendations for pericoronitis management and a systematic review of antibiotic prescribing for pericoronitis among dentists: inappropriate pericoronitis treatment is a critical factor of antibiotic overuse in dentistry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(13):6796.

Osunde OD, Saheeb BD, Bassey GO. Indications and risk factors for complications of lower third molar surgery in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. 2014;4(6):938–942.

Palmer NO, Martin MV, Pealing R, Ireland RS. Antibiotic prescribing guidance: perio, pulp and perforation. London: Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK); 2012.

Sutherland S, Matthews DC. Emergency management of acute dental infections: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 2002;68(10):601–606.

Ellison SJ. The role of phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and clindamycin in the management of acute dentoalveolar abscesses. Dental Update. 2009;36(2):86–90, 92–94.

Flynn TR, Shanti RM, Hayes C. Severe odontogenic infections, part 2: prospective outcomes study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2006;64(7):1104–1113.

Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, et al. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(12):CD004624.

Dhanrajani P, Smith M. Lower third molars: a review. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;5(2):245–246.

Vidović Juras D, Škrinjar I, Križnik T, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. Dentistry Journal. 2024;12(11):364.

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. American Journal of Infection Control. 1999;27(2):97–132.

Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Berini-Aytés L, et al. Incidence and clinical features of delayed-onset infections after extraction of lower third molars. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 2005;99(3):265–269.

Ren YF, Malmstrom HS. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in third molar surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(10):1909–1921.

Lodi G, Figini L, Sardella A, et al. Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;(11):CD003811.

Ramos E, Santamaría J, Santamaría G, et al. Do systemic antibiotics prevent dry socket and infection after third molar extraction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2016;122(4):403–425.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. NICE guideline [NG15]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015.

Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1736–1754.

Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2015;36(44):3075–3128.

Lago-Méndez L, Diniz-Freitas M, Senra-Rivera C, et al. Relationships between surgical difficulty and postoperative pain in lower third molar extractions. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(5):979–983.

Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, et al. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;326(5):281–286.

Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2013;70(3):195–283.

Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Baddour LM. The 2021 American Heart Association statement on prevention of infective endocarditis: what’s new? Journal of the American Dental Association. 2021;152(11):880–882.

Thornhill MH, Dayer M, Lockhart PB, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2017;19(2):9.

Martin MV, Kanatas AN, Hardy P. Antibiotic prophylaxis and third molar surgery. British Dental Journal. 2005;198(6):327–330. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812170.

Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: progress and challenges. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1213:62–69.

Poeschl PW, Eckel D, Poeschl E. Postoperative prophylactic antibiotic treatment in third molar surgery - a necessity? Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2004;62(1):3–8.

Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277–283.

Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance - the need for global solutions. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2013;13(12):1057–1098.

Maron DF, Smith TJ, Nachman KE. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey. Global Health. 2013;9:48.

Marah ZA, Abdulrahman RF, Othman G, et al. A survey of systemic antibiotic prescription patterns amongst Iraqi dentists. International Dental Journal. 2022;72(3):338–344.

American Association of Endodontists. Use and abuse of antibiotics. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists; 2017.

World Health Organization. WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, et al. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2010;6:301–306.

Ustaoğlu G, Bilgin E, Ercan E, Kılıç AO. Probiyotikler: periodontolojide antibiyotiklere alternatif olabilir mi? Aydın Dental Journal. 2017;3(1):53–63.

Teughels W, Loozen G, Quirynen M. Do probiotics offer opportunities to manipulate the periodontal oral microbiota? Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2011;38(Suppl 11):159–177.

Gursoy H, Ozcakir-Tomruk C, Tanalp J, et al. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2013;17(4):1113–1125.

Gorr SU. Antimicrobial peptides of the oral cavity. Periodontology 2000. 2009;51:152–180.