Kadına Yönelik Duygusal Şiddet
Özet
Emotional violence against women is a form of violence that often goes unnoticed due to its invisibility, but profoundly affects an individual's psychological, social, and physical health. This type of violence, fueled by gender inequality, manifests itself in different ways in dating relationships, within families, in the workplace, and in digital environments. Emotional violence is often experienced without awareness, and women frequently do not realize they are being subjected to it. It often includes controlling and oppressive behaviors such as changing the individual's name, using demeaning language, exerting pressure through shouting or threats, displaying jealousy, isolating from their social circle, creating emotional or physical distance, and engaging in manipulative behaviors for control. Emotional violence, manifested through behaviors such as gaslighting, emotional manipulation, and stalking, damages a woman's self-esteem, restricts her freedom, and reduces her quality of life. The fact that emotional violence is not seen as a problem makes combating this type of violence more difficult. In the fight against emotional violence, making it visible is of great importance for empowering women and increasing social awareness.
Referanslar
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Referanslar
Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2012). 6284 sayılı Kanun ve Uygulama Yönetmeliği.
Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2014). Türkiye'de kadına yönelik aile içi şiddet araştırması 2014. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü.
Aguglia, A., Belvederi Murri, M., Conigliaro, C., Cipriani, N., Vaggi, M., Di Salvo, G., ... & Amore, M. (2020). Workplace violence and burnout among mental health workers. Psychiatric Services, 71(3), 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900394
Akgün-Çıtak, E. (2017). Kadına yönelik şiddet. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychiatric Nursing - Special Topics, 3(2), 136–140.
Aslan, R., & Arslantaş, H. (2024). Flört şiddetinin tanımı, türleri ve risk etmenleri: Derleme çalışması. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 25(1), 101–118.
Bal, H. (2014). Kadına yönelik şiddetin toplumsal nedenleri. Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 55–68.
Baldan, F., & Akış, N. (2017). Flört şiddeti: Üniversite öğrencileriyle yapılan nitel bir çalışma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 33–47.
Başkale, H., & Sözer, A. (2015). Eşinden/partnerinden şiddet gören kadınların şiddet algısı ve mağduriyet nedenleri. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 14(6), 468–474.
Bjornsson, A. S., Hardarson, J. P., Valdimarsdottir, A. G., Gudmundsdottir, K., Tryggvadottir, A., Thorarinsdottir, K., ... & Thorisdottir, A. S. (2020). Social trauma and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102228.
Björklund, K. (2010). Stalking and violence victimization among Finnish university students. Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Studies in Psychology.
Blaauw, E., Winkel, F. W., Arensman, E., Sheridan, L., & Freeve, A. (2002). The toll of stalking: The relationship between features of stalking and psychopathology of victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(1), 50–63.
Boon, J., & Sheridan, L. (Eds.). (2002). Stalking and psychosexual obsession: Psychological perspectives for prevention, policing and treatment. John Wiley & Sons.
Braiker, H. B. (2004). Who's pulling your strings? How to break the cycle of manipulation and regain control of your life. McGraw-Hill.
Buss, D. M., Gomes, M., Higgins, D. S., & Lauterbach, K. (1987). Tactics of manipulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1219–1229.
Burcu, T. Ü. R. K. (2023). Duygusal şiddet mağduriyetinin yalnızlık üzerine etkisi. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 10(96), 1292–1299.
Çakır, H. (2020). Kadına yönelik şiddetin kavramsal incelemesi: Yozgat örneği. İmgelem, 4(6), 41–62.
Çelebi, B. M., & Polat, A. (2019). Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıların, yetişkin bağlanma stillerinin ve psikolojik iyi oluşun evlilik doyumu üzerindeki etkisi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 29–34.
Çetiner, B. (2006). Kadına yönelik psikolojik şiddet ve sonuçları. İstanbul: Mor Çatı Yayınları.
Corona, G., Jannini, E. A., & Maggi, M. (2023). Emotional, physical and sexual abuse. Springer International Publishing.
Cukor, G. (Director). (1944). Gaslight [Film]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Darke, L., Paterson, H., & van Golde, C. (2025). Illuminating gaslighting: A comprehensive interdisciplinary review of gaslighting literature. Journal of Family Violence, 1–17.
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., ... & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527–1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240937
Duman, N., Öçalan, H. İ., & Uysal, R. (2023). Stalklama: Israrlı takip davranış tipolojileri. Adli Bilimler ve Suç Araştırmaları, 5(2), 125–141.
Dursun, Y. (2011). Şiddetin izini sürmek: Şiddet nedir? FLSF: Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12, 1–18.
Dursun, S., & Özdemir, E. (2024). Türkiye'de iş yerinde kadına yönelik şiddetin yaygınlığı ve etkisi: Kesitsel bir anket çalışması. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 305–332.
Dutton, D. G., & Painter, S. (1981). Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse. Victimology, 6(1–4), 139–155.
Ece, S. (2022). Hırpalanmış kadın sendromu: Çalışan kadınlar açısından bir inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 551–563.
Eryılmaz, S. (2020). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolü ve kadın sağlığı. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 5–13.
Eurofound. (2017). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update). Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey – Main results. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results-apr14_en.pdf
Follingstad, D. R. (2011). A measure of severe psychological abuse normed on a nationally representative sample of adults. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.445
García-Moreno, C. (2005). World Health Organization multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. World Health Organization.
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.
Gilligan, M. J. (1992). Stalking the stalker: Developing new laws to thwart those who terrorize others. Georgia Law Review, 27, 285–342.
Graham, C. (2022). Demystifying toxic romantic relationships: Identifying behaviors and post-breakup outcomes [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
Graham, D. L. (1994). Loving to survive: Sexual terror, men's violence, and women's lives. New York University Press.
Hamberger, L. K., Larsen, S. E., & Lehrner, A. (2017). Coercive control in intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.08.003
Hamilton, P. (1938). Gas light [Play]. Constable & Co.
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