Life-Saving Plant That Treats Hand Burns (Urtica Dioica L.)
Özet
People have used herbal remedies to treat diseases in ancient times, as well as today. The plant, popularly known as “nettle”, is one of the medicinal plants used by people since ancient times. Its botanical Latin name is Urtica dioica. Nettle (Urtica dioica sp.) is an annual or perennial herb of the Urticaceae family. Urtica dioica sp. grows in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. While it grows mainly in temperate climates and tropical areas such as North America, North Africa, Europe and Western Asia in the world, in Turkey it can grow naturally in the forested areas of Anatolia, especially in the Black Sea region, along rivers, streams and roadsides, in moist soils, especially in the provinces of Giresun, Hakkari, Ankara, Antalya. The phytochemical composition of the plant varies depending on where it grows. Studies have shown that, nettle grown in temperate regions has a higher phenolic content and therefore has higher antioxidant activity.
Nettle is consumed as a rich source of food due to its high vitamin and mineral content, and is also used in many other areas. All parts of the plant have been used in medicine, food, dyes, fertilizers and cosmetics from the past to the present due to its rich diversity, including saponins, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tannins, fatty acids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, lignans, flavonolignans, proteins, polyproteins and saponins. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of nettle in the cosmetics and food sectors. In addition, it can be said that, the use of nettle has become widespread worldwide with its inclusion in food additives. Nettle is known by different names in different countries; the English called it “Nettle”, the Romans called it “Urtica”, the Italians called it “Ortica”, the French called it “Ortie”, the Germans called it “Brennessel” and the Spanish called it “Ortiga”. Urtica comes from the Latin words “urere” (to bite) and “uro” (to burn). In Anglo-Saxon, it means “nettle” (needle). Urtica dioica is a weed and its seeds, leaves and even roots are used for medicinal purposes. It is a sensitive storehouse of micronutrients and nutrients, which makes us focus our research on this herb. Despite its usefulness, its leaves are easily digestible and are rich in high minerals (especially iron), vitamin C and vitamin A provitamins. This comprehensive review is an attempt to summarize the latest information on the nutritional, pharmacological and clinical effects of U. dioica, taking into account the increasing demand of patients for the use of natural products with antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity and potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The consideration of nutritional properties is also an important aspect, since every person needs general nutritional support to stay well or be optimally healthy.
Referanslar
Ahangarpour A., Mohammadian M., Dianat M. (2012). Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic Urtica dioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose‑induced insulin resistance. Iranian J Med Sci., 37:181‑6
Aksu, M.I., Kaya, M. (2004). Effect of usage Urtica dioica L. on microbiological properties of sucuk, a Turkish dry fermented sausage. Food Control 15: 591-595
Al-Akash, M.A.; Rajab, H.A.; Al-Assaf. (2021). Protective effect of Urtica dioica on ethylene glycol-induced liver and kidney damage in rabbits: A histopathological study. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 2021, 36, 167–170
Al-Wasfi R.M., Jabaar Al-Kaabee H.J., Dergham M., Hameed A.F. (2012). Studying the hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity of various plant extracts of Urtica dioica. Al‑Kufa J Biol, 4:232‑42
Aydın, H.B. (2022). Aydın, H.B. Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Extract on Foodborne Campylobacter jejuni, Istanbul
Bagcı, E. (2002). Fatty acid composition of aerial parts of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Biodiversity in; Shener, B., Ed.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; etc. 323–327
Basak, S., & Rakshit, A. (2018). Evaluation of anti-acne properties of nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(3), 124-130. doi: 10.7324/japs.2018.83021
Bnouham, M., Merhfour, F.Z., Ziyyat, A., Mekhfi, H., Aziz, M., Legssyer, A. (2003). Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica. Fitoterapia. 74:677‑81
Bown, D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of herbs and their uses, Dorling Kindersley, London
Cesur, A. and Sawyer, Y. (2021). Determination of Antimicrobial Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) on Biofilm Formation of Salmonella Enterica Serovars. Food, 46(2), 324-338. doi:10.15237/gida.gd21016
Chalishkaner, Z., Karaayvaz, M., Ozturk, S. (2004). Misuse of a herb: stinging nettle (Urtica urens) induced severe tongue oedema. Complementary Therapies in Medicine12: 57-58
Chomlekcioghlu, N., Kocabaş, Y.Z., Aygan, A. (2020). Prunus divaricata subsp. Collected from Kahramanmaraş. Divaricata Ledeb. Determination of Biochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Fruits. ANATOLIA, 30(1): 46-56, doi: 10.18615/Anadolu
Chrubasik, J.E., Roufogalis, B.D., Wagner, H., Chrubasik, S.A (2007). Comprehensive Review of Stinging Nettle Effects and Efficacy Profiles. Part II: Urticae Radix. Phytomedicine. 14, 568–579
Coile, N.C. (1999). Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh: a Stinging Nettle or Fireweed and Some Related Species. Fla. Dept. Agric. Consumer Services. Botany Circular No. 34
Colak, S., Comlekcioghlu, N., Aygan, A. (2020). Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Urtica dioica Plant Extracts. Eurasian Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(Suppl 1)), 206-212. doi:10.46239/ejbcs.730669
Di Tizio A., Luczaj Ł.J., Quave CL., Redžić S., Pieroni A. (2012). Traditional food and herbal uses of wild plants in the ancient South-Slavic diaspora of Mundimitar/Montemitro (Southern Italy) J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 8(1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-21
Diver, S. (1999). Biodynamic Farming and Compost Preparation. Alternative Farming Systems Guide
Dizaye, K., Alberzingi, B., Sulaiman, S. (2013). Renal and vascular studies of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in rats and rabbits. Iraq J Vet Sci, 27:25‑31
Đurović, S., Pavlić, B., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Savić, S., Petronijević, M., Radojković, M., Cvetanović, A., Zeković, Z. (2017). Chemical composition of nettle leaves obtained by different analytical approaches. J. Function. Foods. 32, 18–26
Đurović, S., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Pezo, L., Maskovic, P., Blagojević, S., Zeković, Z. (2022). Recovery of biologically active compounds from nettle leaf’s part I: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry. 373, 131724
Eseceli, H, Deghirmencioghlu, A., Kahraman, R. (2006). Importance of Omega Fatty Acids in Human Health. Turkey 9. Food Congress. May 24-26, Bolu. 403-406
Facciola, S., Cornucopia, A. (1990). Source book of edible plants, Kampong Publications, Vista.
Farzami, B., Ahmadvand, D., Vardasbi, S., Majin, F.J., Khaghani, Sh. (2003). Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perfused Islets of Langerhans and it’s in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 89:47‑53
Guil-Guerrero, J.L., Rebolloso-Fuentes, M.M., Isasa, M.E.T. (2003). Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 16: 111-119
Guil-Guerrero, J.L.; Rebolloso-Fuentes, M.M.; Isasa, M.I.T. (2003). Fatty acids and carotenoids from nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J. Food Compositions. Anal. 16, 111–119
Gul, S., Demirci, B., Basher, K.H.C., Akpulat, H.A., Aksu, P. (2012). Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic effects of Urtica dioica L. Boğa. environment Seal. Toxicol. 88, 666–671
Gulchin, G., Ezer, N. (2004). Plants used in the treatment of hemorrhoids among the people -I. Hacettepe Univ. Ecz. Fac. Magazine, 24: 37-55
Gupta A. (2021). You probably didn't know about these 7 scientifically-proven benefits of nettle tea
Hajhashemi, V., Klooshani, V. (2013). Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Urtica dioica Leaf Extract in Animal Models. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 3, 193–200
Kavalali, G. (2011). Kavalali, Gülsel. Lokman Hekim Journal (C. 1). http://lokmanhekim.mersin.edu.tr
Kelley, N.S., Hubbard, N.E., Erickson, K.L. (2007). Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Cancer. The J Nutr. 137: 2599-2607
Khan, T. (2018). Health benefits of stinging nettle soyee
Konrad, L., Müler, H.H., Lenz, C., Laubinger, H., Aumüller, G., Lichius, J.J. (2000). Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. Planta Medica, 66: 44–47
Korkmaz F. (2010). Investigation of Apoptotic, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Effects of Stinging Weed (Urtica dioica) Extract on Colon Cancer Cell Lines, Ankara University Health Sciences Institute, Medical Biology Department Master's Thesis. Ankara
Kudritsata, S.E.; Filmman, G.M.; Zagorodskaya, L.M., Chikovanii, D.M. (1986). Carotenoids Urtica dioica. Chemistry. Nat. Compd. 22, 604–605
Kukridge, Z., Topalic-Trivunovic, L., Kukavica, B., Matos, S., Pavicic, S., Boroja, M., Savic, A. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Period. Technol. 43, 257–272
Kukridge, Z., Topalic-Trivunovic, L., Kukavica, B., Matos, S., Pavicic, S., Boroja, M., Savic, A. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Period. Technol. 43, 257–272
Legssier, A.; Ziyat, A.; Mehfi, H.; Bnouham, M.; Tahri, A.; Serhrouchni, M.; Hoerter, J.; Fischmeister, R. (2002). Cardiovascular Effects of Urtica dioica L. in Isolated Rat Heart and Aorta. Phytother. Res. 16, 503–507
Mehta K. (2017). Nettle leaf herb: why is it the best health boosting herb for women
Mercadante, A.Z., Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., (1990). Carotenoid composition and vitamin A value of some native Brazilian green leafy vegetables. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 25: 213–219
Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., Van Beek T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem. 85(2): 231-237
Mittman, P. (1990). Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta Med. 56(1):44–47. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960881
Oden, S., Demirci, M., Zorba, T. (2004) Some organic applications against false orbansh disease in tobacco. Environmental, 13: 20-25
Orčić, D., Francisković, M., Bekvalac, K., Svirčev, E., Beara, I., Lesjak, M. (2014). Mimica-Dukić, N. Quantitative determination of plant phenolics in Urtica dioica extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Food Chem. 143, 48–53
Pinelli, P., Ieri, F., Vignolini, P., Bacci, L., Baronti, S., Romani, A. (2008). Extraction and HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Leaf, Stem and Textile Fibers of Urtica dioica L. J. Agric. Food Chemistry. 56, 9127–9132
Rafajlavska, V., Djarmati, Z., Najdenova, V., Cvetkov, L.J. (2002). Extraction of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) with supercritical carbon dioxide. Balıkesir Univ. Know science. Ens. Journal, 4:13-17
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Riehemann, K., Behnke, B., Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1999). Plant Extracts from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), an Antirheumatic Remedy, Inhibit the Proinflammatory Transcription Factor NF-κB. FEBS Lett. 442, 89–94
Rivera-Rangel, R.D., Gonzalez-Munoz, M.P., Avila-Rodriguez, M, Razo-Lazcano, T.A., Solans C. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent. Colloids Surf A 536: 60–67
Rochfort, S., Parker, A.J., Dunshea, F.R. (2008). Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity. Phytochemistry. 69: 299–322
Roricht, C. (2007). Yield and constituents of greater nettle species (Urtica dioica L.). Z. Arznei Gewürzpflanzen, 12, 193–195
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Referanslar
Ahangarpour A., Mohammadian M., Dianat M. (2012). Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic Urtica dioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose‑induced insulin resistance. Iranian J Med Sci., 37:181‑6
Aksu, M.I., Kaya, M. (2004). Effect of usage Urtica dioica L. on microbiological properties of sucuk, a Turkish dry fermented sausage. Food Control 15: 591-595
Al-Akash, M.A.; Rajab, H.A.; Al-Assaf. (2021). Protective effect of Urtica dioica on ethylene glycol-induced liver and kidney damage in rabbits: A histopathological study. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 2021, 36, 167–170
Al-Wasfi R.M., Jabaar Al-Kaabee H.J., Dergham M., Hameed A.F. (2012). Studying the hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity of various plant extracts of Urtica dioica. Al‑Kufa J Biol, 4:232‑42
Aydın, H.B. (2022). Aydın, H.B. Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Extract on Foodborne Campylobacter jejuni, Istanbul
Bagcı, E. (2002). Fatty acid composition of aerial parts of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). Biodiversity in; Shener, B., Ed.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; etc. 323–327
Basak, S., & Rakshit, A. (2018). Evaluation of anti-acne properties of nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(3), 124-130. doi: 10.7324/japs.2018.83021
Bnouham, M., Merhfour, F.Z., Ziyyat, A., Mekhfi, H., Aziz, M., Legssyer, A. (2003). Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica. Fitoterapia. 74:677‑81
Bown, D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of herbs and their uses, Dorling Kindersley, London
Cesur, A. and Sawyer, Y. (2021). Determination of Antimicrobial Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) on Biofilm Formation of Salmonella Enterica Serovars. Food, 46(2), 324-338. doi:10.15237/gida.gd21016
Chalishkaner, Z., Karaayvaz, M., Ozturk, S. (2004). Misuse of a herb: stinging nettle (Urtica urens) induced severe tongue oedema. Complementary Therapies in Medicine12: 57-58
Chomlekcioghlu, N., Kocabaş, Y.Z., Aygan, A. (2020). Prunus divaricata subsp. Collected from Kahramanmaraş. Divaricata Ledeb. Determination of Biochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Fruits. ANATOLIA, 30(1): 46-56, doi: 10.18615/Anadolu
Chrubasik, J.E., Roufogalis, B.D., Wagner, H., Chrubasik, S.A (2007). Comprehensive Review of Stinging Nettle Effects and Efficacy Profiles. Part II: Urticae Radix. Phytomedicine. 14, 568–579
Coile, N.C. (1999). Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh: a Stinging Nettle or Fireweed and Some Related Species. Fla. Dept. Agric. Consumer Services. Botany Circular No. 34
Colak, S., Comlekcioghlu, N., Aygan, A. (2020). Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Urtica dioica Plant Extracts. Eurasian Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(Suppl 1)), 206-212. doi:10.46239/ejbcs.730669
Di Tizio A., Luczaj Ł.J., Quave CL., Redžić S., Pieroni A. (2012). Traditional food and herbal uses of wild plants in the ancient South-Slavic diaspora of Mundimitar/Montemitro (Southern Italy) J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 8(1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-21
Diver, S. (1999). Biodynamic Farming and Compost Preparation. Alternative Farming Systems Guide
Dizaye, K., Alberzingi, B., Sulaiman, S. (2013). Renal and vascular studies of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in rats and rabbits. Iraq J Vet Sci, 27:25‑31
Đurović, S., Pavlić, B., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Savić, S., Petronijević, M., Radojković, M., Cvetanović, A., Zeković, Z. (2017). Chemical composition of nettle leaves obtained by different analytical approaches. J. Function. Foods. 32, 18–26
Đurović, S., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Pezo, L., Maskovic, P., Blagojević, S., Zeković, Z. (2022). Recovery of biologically active compounds from nettle leaf’s part I: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry. 373, 131724
Eseceli, H, Deghirmencioghlu, A., Kahraman, R. (2006). Importance of Omega Fatty Acids in Human Health. Turkey 9. Food Congress. May 24-26, Bolu. 403-406
Facciola, S., Cornucopia, A. (1990). Source book of edible plants, Kampong Publications, Vista.
Farzami, B., Ahmadvand, D., Vardasbi, S., Majin, F.J., Khaghani, Sh. (2003). Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perfused Islets of Langerhans and it’s in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 89:47‑53
Guil-Guerrero, J.L., Rebolloso-Fuentes, M.M., Isasa, M.E.T. (2003). Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 16: 111-119
Guil-Guerrero, J.L.; Rebolloso-Fuentes, M.M.; Isasa, M.I.T. (2003). Fatty acids and carotenoids from nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J. Food Compositions. Anal. 16, 111–119
Gul, S., Demirci, B., Basher, K.H.C., Akpulat, H.A., Aksu, P. (2012). Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic effects of Urtica dioica L. Boğa. environment Seal. Toxicol. 88, 666–671
Gulchin, G., Ezer, N. (2004). Plants used in the treatment of hemorrhoids among the people -I. Hacettepe Univ. Ecz. Fac. Magazine, 24: 37-55
Gupta A. (2021). You probably didn't know about these 7 scientifically-proven benefits of nettle tea
Hajhashemi, V., Klooshani, V. (2013). Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Urtica dioica Leaf Extract in Animal Models. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 3, 193–200
Kavalali, G. (2011). Kavalali, Gülsel. Lokman Hekim Journal (C. 1). http://lokmanhekim.mersin.edu.tr
Kelley, N.S., Hubbard, N.E., Erickson, K.L. (2007). Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Cancer. The J Nutr. 137: 2599-2607
Khan, T. (2018). Health benefits of stinging nettle soyee
Konrad, L., Müler, H.H., Lenz, C., Laubinger, H., Aumüller, G., Lichius, J.J. (2000). Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. Planta Medica, 66: 44–47
Korkmaz F. (2010). Investigation of Apoptotic, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Effects of Stinging Weed (Urtica dioica) Extract on Colon Cancer Cell Lines, Ankara University Health Sciences Institute, Medical Biology Department Master's Thesis. Ankara
Kudritsata, S.E.; Filmman, G.M.; Zagorodskaya, L.M., Chikovanii, D.M. (1986). Carotenoids Urtica dioica. Chemistry. Nat. Compd. 22, 604–605
Kukridge, Z., Topalic-Trivunovic, L., Kukavica, B., Matos, S., Pavicic, S., Boroja, M., Savic, A. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Period. Technol. 43, 257–272
Kukridge, Z., Topalic-Trivunovic, L., Kukavica, B., Matos, S., Pavicic, S., Boroja, M., Savic, A. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Period. Technol. 43, 257–272
Legssier, A.; Ziyat, A.; Mehfi, H.; Bnouham, M.; Tahri, A.; Serhrouchni, M.; Hoerter, J.; Fischmeister, R. (2002). Cardiovascular Effects of Urtica dioica L. in Isolated Rat Heart and Aorta. Phytother. Res. 16, 503–507
Mehta K. (2017). Nettle leaf herb: why is it the best health boosting herb for women
Mercadante, A.Z., Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., (1990). Carotenoid composition and vitamin A value of some native Brazilian green leafy vegetables. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 25: 213–219
Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., Van Beek T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem. 85(2): 231-237
Mittman, P. (1990). Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta Med. 56(1):44–47. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960881
Oden, S., Demirci, M., Zorba, T. (2004) Some organic applications against false orbansh disease in tobacco. Environmental, 13: 20-25
Orčić, D., Francisković, M., Bekvalac, K., Svirčev, E., Beara, I., Lesjak, M. (2014). Mimica-Dukić, N. Quantitative determination of plant phenolics in Urtica dioica extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Food Chem. 143, 48–53
Pinelli, P., Ieri, F., Vignolini, P., Bacci, L., Baronti, S., Romani, A. (2008). Extraction and HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Leaf, Stem and Textile Fibers of Urtica dioica L. J. Agric. Food Chemistry. 56, 9127–9132
Rafajlavska, V., Djarmati, Z., Najdenova, V., Cvetkov, L.J. (2002). Extraction of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) with supercritical carbon dioxide. Balıkesir Univ. Know science. Ens. Journal, 4:13-17
Ratnam, D.V., Ankola, D.D., Bhardwaj, V., Sahana, D.K., Kumar, M.N. (2006). Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release. 113:189‑207
Raupp, J., Konig, U.J., (1996). Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depending upon yield levels. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 13: 175-188
Riehemann, K., Behnke, B., Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1999). Plant Extracts from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), an Antirheumatic Remedy, Inhibit the Proinflammatory Transcription Factor NF-κB. FEBS Lett. 442, 89–94
Rivera-Rangel, R.D., Gonzalez-Munoz, M.P., Avila-Rodriguez, M, Razo-Lazcano, T.A., Solans C. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent. Colloids Surf A 536: 60–67
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