Genetic Adaptation Mechanisms in Drought-Resistant Plant Varieties
Özet
Drought stress is one of the most critical abiotic factors limiting global crop productivity and sustainability. Intensified by climate change, recurrent droughts threaten food security and demand the development of resilient plant varieties. Plant adaptation to drought involves complex genetic and molecular mechanisms, including water balance regulation, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, stress-responsive proteins, and transcriptional control. Key regulators such as DREB, NAC, MYB, and WRKY transcription factors, together with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, aquaporins, and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, orchestrate cellular responses to water deficit. Epigenetic processes—DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs—further enhance adaptive flexibility and establish stress memory. Morphological and physiological traits, including root system architecture, leaf morphology, photosynthetic stability, and water-use efficiency, represent phenotypic manifestations of these genetic networks. Advances in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and transcriptomics have facilitated the identification of drought-resistance genes, while marker-assisted selection and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing offer powerful tools for crop improvement. This review synthesizes current knowledge on genetic adaptation to drought, highlighting mechanistic insights and applied strategies. By integrating multi-omics approaches with modern breeding and biotechnological innovations, future research can accelerate the development of drought-tolerant cultivars, ensuring agricultural resilience under changing climatic conditions.
Referanslar
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Crisp, P.A., D. Ganguly, S.R. Eichten, J.O. Borevitz, and B.J. Pogson. (2016). Reconsidering Plant Memory: Intersections Between Stress Recovery, Rna Turnover, and Epigenetics. Science Advances 2, no. 2: e1501340. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501340
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Nitika Sandhu, K. Anitha Raman, Rolando O. Torres, Alain Audebert, Audrey Dardou, Arvind Kumar, Amelia Henry (2016). Rice Root Architectural Plasticity Traits and Genetic Regions for Adaptability to Variable Cultivation and Stress Conditions, Plant Physiology, vol. 171, Issue 4, August. 2562–2576, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00705
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Sakuma, Y., Liu, Q., Dubouzet, J. G., Abe, H., Shinozaki, K., & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2002). DNA-binding specificity of the ERF/AP2 domain of Arabidopsis DREBs, transcription factors involved in dehydration- and cold-inducible gene expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 290(3), 998-1009
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Shi J, Gao H, Wang H, Lafitte HR, Archibald RL, Yang M, Hakimi SM, Mo H, Habben JE. (2017). ARGOS8 variants generated by CRISPR-Cas9 improve maize grain yield under field drought stress conditions. Plant Biotechnology Journal 15, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12603Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Smith, T., Zhang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021). CRISPR-Cas9 modifications in ABA biosynthesis for enhanced drought tolerance in maize. Pl ant Biotechnology Journal, 19(4), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbi.2345
Zandalinas, S.I., R. Mittler, D. Balfagón, V. Arbona, and A. Gómez-Cadenas. (2018). Plant Adaptations to the Combination of Drought and High Temperatures. Physiologia Plantarum 162: 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12540
Zhang, H., Z. Lang, and J.K. Zhu. (2018). Dynamics and Function of DNA Methylation in Plants. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 19: 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0016-z
Referanslar
Abbasov I.B. Fundamentals of Genetics. Baku, Tahsil, 2011
Aliyev J.A. Physiological ecology of plants. Baku, Elm and Tahsil, 2014
Aliyeva S.N. Hormones in plants and their physiological role. Baku, ASPU Publishing House, 2013
Blum, A. (2011). Drought resistance–is it really a complex trait. Functional Plant Biology,38(10), 753-757
Boyer, J.S. (1982). Plant productivity and environment. Science, 218(4571), 443-448.
Crisp, P.A., D. Ganguly, S.R. Eichten, J.O. Borevitz, and B.J. Pogson. (2016). Reconsidering Plant Memory: Intersections Between Stress Recovery, Rna Turnover, and Epigenetics. Science Advances 2, no. 2: e1501340. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501340
Depardieu, C., Girardin, M. P., Nadeau, S., Lenz, P., Bousquet, J., & Isabel, N. (2020). Adaptive genetic variation to drought in a widely distributed conifer suggests a potential for increasing forest resilience in a drying climate. New Phytologist, 227(2), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16551
Gasimov N.M. Plant biochemistry. Baku, Maarif, 2009
Guliyev A.S. Plant physiology. Baku, Elm Publishing House, 2010
Huseynova R.M. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants. Baku, Elm, 2015
Ibrahimov H.A. Resistance of plants to stress factors. Baku, Tahsil, 2012
IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Ji, K., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Lou, Q., Mei, H., & Shen, S. (2020). Drought-responsive miRNAs and their target genes in soybean roots. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 176, 104048
Karimov Y.A. Fundamentals of Biotechnology in agriculture. Baku, Elm, 2018
Luo, Q., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Fu, B., Yang, S., & Peng, Y. (2018). Enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging improves drought tolerance in transgenic tomato. Plant Biotechnology Journal,16(8), 1295-1307
Mammadov M.H. Selection of agricultural plants. Baku, Elm, 2008
Maurel, C., Boursiac, Y., Luu, D. T., Santoni, V., Shahzad, Z., & Verdoucq, L. (2015). Aquaporinsin plants. Physiological Reviews, 95(4), 1321-1358
Miryeganeh, M. (2021). Plants' Epigenetic Mechanisms and Abiotic Stress. Genes 12: 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12081106
Nakashima, K., Tran, L.S.P., Van, Nguyen, D., Fujita, M., Maruyama, K., Todaka, D., ... &Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2009). Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factorOsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice. Plant Journal,57(2), 317-327
Naz, A.A., Arifuzzaman, M., Muzammil, S. et al. (2014). Wild barley introgression lines revealed novel QTL alleles for root and related shoot traits in the cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). BMC Genet 15, 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-014-0107-6
Nitika Sandhu, K. Anitha Raman, Rolando O. Torres, Alain Audebert, Audrey Dardou, Arvind Kumar, Amelia Henry (2016). Rice Root Architectural Plasticity Traits and Genetic Regions for Adaptability to Variable Cultivation and Stress Conditions, Plant Physiology, vol. 171, Issue 4, August. 2562–2576, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00705
Ren, J., Ji, X., Wang, C., Hu, J., Nervo, G., & Li, J. (2020). Variation and Genetic Parameters of Leaf Morphological Traits of Eight Families from Populus simonii × P. nigra. Forests, 11(12), 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121319
Rzayev F.A. Introduction to Molecular Biology. Baku, Elm and Tahsil, 2016
Sakuma, Y., Liu, Q., Dubouzet, J. G., Abe, H., Shinozaki, K., & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2002). DNA-binding specificity of the ERF/AP2 domain of Arabidopsis DREBs, transcription factors involved in dehydration- and cold-inducible gene expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 290(3), 998-1009
Seleiman MF, Al-Suhaibani N, Ali N, Akmal M, Alotaibi M, Refay Y, Dindaroglu T, Abdul-Wajid HH, Battaglia ML. (2021). Drought Stress Impacts on Plants and Different Approaches to Alleviate Its Adverse Effects. Plants (Basel). Jan 28;10(2):259. doi: 10.3390/plants10020259. PMID: 33525688; PMCID: PMC7911879
Shi J, Gao H, Wang H, Lafitte HR, Archibald RL, Yang M, Hakimi SM, Mo H, Habben JE. (2017). ARGOS8 variants generated by CRISPR-Cas9 improve maize grain yield under field drought stress conditions. Plant Biotechnology Journal 15, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12603Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Smith, T., Zhang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021). CRISPR-Cas9 modifications in ABA biosynthesis for enhanced drought tolerance in maize. Pl ant Biotechnology Journal, 19(4), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbi.2345
Zandalinas, S.I., R. Mittler, D. Balfagón, V. Arbona, and A. Gómez-Cadenas. (2018). Plant Adaptations to the Combination of Drought and High Temperatures. Physiologia Plantarum 162: 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12540
Zhang, H., Z. Lang, and J.K. Zhu. (2018). Dynamics and Function of DNA Methylation in Plants. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 19: 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0016-z
