Application of Local Plants In Phytoremediation Process of Contaminated Soils
Özet
Soil contamination with heavy metals and other toxic substances is a pressing global environmental challenge. Conventional remediation methods are often costly, infrastructure-intensive, and difficult to apply across large areas. In contrast, phytoremediation — the use of plants to remove, stabilize, or transform pollutants — offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative. Employing native plant species enhances this approach by ensuring ecological adaptation, reducing invasiveness risks, and supporting biodiversity conservation. This article reviews the scientific foundations and techniques of phytoremediation, examines the impacts of heavy metal pollution on soil ecosystems, and outlines a methodological framework for applying local flora in remediation practices. Recent studies highlight the role of hyperaccumulator plants in achieving significant reductions of toxic metals, demonstrating their potential for both phytoextraction and phyto-stabilization. Integrating phytoremediation with microbial symbiosis, genetic improvement, and soil amendments has been shown to enhance efficiency and overcome limitations of single-plant systems. Furthermore, the socio-economic benefits of using native species — including cost-effectiveness, community engagement, and sustainable land management — position phytoremediation as a viable long-term strategy for ecological restoration.
Referanslar
Agostini, E., Coniglio, M.S., Milrad, S.R., Tigier, H.A. Giulietti, A.M. (2003). Phytoremediation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol by Brassica napus hairy root cultures. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 37, 139-144
Ariyakanon, N. (2023). Application of Local Species for Sustainable Phytoremediation: 10.32526/ennrj/21/20230125. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 21(5), 381–389. retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/249648
Arjun, K., Anil, T., Asmita, G., Kaushik, A., Anukul, B., Niroj, A. (2022). Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents, Environmental Advances, vol. 8, 100203, ISSN 2666-7657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100203
Asgari, L., B., Khadem, M., N., Maghsoodi, M.R. et al. (2019). Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, water and atmosphere using ornamental plants: mechanisms and efficiency improvement strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 8468–8484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04241-y
Aybar, M., Bilgin, A., Saghlam, B. (2015). Removal of heavy metals from soil by phytoremediation method. Journal of Natural Disasters and Environment, 1(1–2), 59–65
Baker, A.J.M., Brooks, R.R. (1989). Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements — a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Bio-recovery, 1, 81–126
Barlow, R., Bryant, N., Andersland, J., & Sahi, S. (2000). Lead hyperaccumulation by Sesbania drummondii. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research
Dimitroula, H. Syranidou, E., Manousaki, E., Nikolaos P., George P., Karatzas, Kalogerakis N. (2015). Mitigation measures for chromium-VI contaminated groundwater – The role of endophytic bacteria in rhizo-filtration, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 281, 114-120, ISSN 0304-3894
Dushenkov, V, Kumar, P.N., Motto, H., Raskin, I. (1995). Rhizo-filtration: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1239-1245
Fangyuan, B., Zheke, Z., Xiaoping, Z., Chuanbao, Y., Xu, G. (2020). Bamboo – An untapped plant resource for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils, Chemosphere, Volume 246, 125750, ISSN 0045-6535
Francesco, G., Antonio, M., Stefano, C., Angela, C. (2020). Arsenic phytovolatilization and epigenetic modifications in Arundo donax L. assisted by a PGPR consortium, Chemosphere, vol. 251, 126310, ISSN 0045-6535
Gujarathi, N.P., Haney, B.J. Park, H.J. Wickramasinghe, S.R. Linden, J.C. (2005). Hairy roots of Helianthus annuus: a model system to study phytoremediation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline. Biotechnol. Progr., 21, 775-780
He, Y., Langenhoff, A.A., Sutton, N.B., Rijnaarts, H.H. Blokland, M.H., Chen. F., Huber, C., Schröder, P. (2017). Metabolism of ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: uptake and phytodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4576-4584
Hui, L., Guangyao, Sh., Wentao, Sh., Ouyong, Xu. (2002). Uptake of trifluralin and lindane from water by ryegrass, Chemosphere, vol. 48, Issue 3, 335-341, ISSN 0045-6535, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00093-0
Hussain, S., Siddique, T., Arshad, M., & Saleem, M. (2009). Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticides: Recent Advances. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 39(10), 843–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380801910090
Jadia, C.D., Fulekar, M. (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: recent techniques. Afr. J, Biotechnol., 8
Jianv, Liu, Xin, Xin, and Qixing, Zhou. (2017). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils using ornamental plants. Environmental Reviews. 26(1): 43-54
Lasat, M.M. (2002). Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 109–120
Limmer, M., Burken, J. (2016). Phytovolatilization of organic contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 6632-6643
Liu, J., Zhou, Q., & Wang, S. (2010). Evaluation of Chemical Enhancement on Phytoremediation Effect of Cd-Contaminated Soils with Calendula Officinalis L. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 12(5), 503–515
Michael, A. (2023) Heavy Metals in Soil: A Review. Chem Eng Process Tech 8(1): 1076.
Mithembu, M. (2012). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from agricultural wastewater using constructed rhizo-filtration in Durban, South Africa. J. Agricul. Sci. Technol., 1142-1148
Raskin, I., Smith, R.D., Salt, D.E. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals: Using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8, 221–226
Ruley, J.A., Tumuhairwe, J.B., Amoding, A., Opolot, E., Oryem-Origa, H., Basamba, T. (2019). Assessment of plants for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in the Sudd Wetland of South Sudan. Plant Soil Environ. 65(9):463-469. doi:10.17221/322/2019-PSE
Salido, A.L., Hasty, K.L., Lim, J.M., & Butcher, D.J. (2003). Phytoremediation of Arsenic and Lead in Contaminated Soil Using Chinese Brake Ferns (Pteris vittata) and Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 5(2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610173
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N.P.B.A., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I., Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Bio/Technology, 13, 468–474
Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D., Raskin, I. (1998). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49, 643–668
Turkoghlu, S. (2019). Phytoremediation method in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals: Suitability of medicinal and aromatic plants. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(6), pp. 477–480
Van Eerd, L.L., Hoagland, R.E., Zablotowicz, R.M., Hall, J.C. (2003). Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms. Weed Science. 51(4):472-495. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051 [0472: PMIPAM]2.0.CO;2
Wang, H., Shan, Xq., Wen, B. et al. (2004). Responses of Antioxidative Enzymes to Accumulation of Copper in a Copper Hyperaccumulator of Commoelina communis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-2222-2
Wenbin, Zhou, Baosheng Qiu, (2005). Effects of cadmium hyperaccumulation on physiological characteristics of Sedum alfredii Hance (Crassulaceae), Plant Science, vol. 169, Issue 4, 737-745, ISSN 0168-9452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.030
Yadav, S.K. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants, South African Journal of Botany, vol. 76, Issue 2, 167-179, ISSN 0254-6299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
Yıldıztekin, M., Ulusoy, H., Tuna, A.L. (2019). Phytoremediation method in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals: Suitability of medicinal and aromatic plants. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(6), 477–480
Yurdakul I. (2015). Plant remediation techniques and importance in contaminated soils and waters. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(1), 55–62
Zwolak, A., Sarzyńska, M., Szpyrka, E. et al. (2019). Sources of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Accumulation in Vegetables: a Review. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y
Referanslar
Agostini, E., Coniglio, M.S., Milrad, S.R., Tigier, H.A. Giulietti, A.M. (2003). Phytoremediation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol by Brassica napus hairy root cultures. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 37, 139-144
Ariyakanon, N. (2023). Application of Local Species for Sustainable Phytoremediation: 10.32526/ennrj/21/20230125. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 21(5), 381–389. retrieved from https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ennrj/article/view/249648
Arjun, K., Anil, T., Asmita, G., Kaushik, A., Anukul, B., Niroj, A. (2022). Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents, Environmental Advances, vol. 8, 100203, ISSN 2666-7657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100203
Asgari, L., B., Khadem, M., N., Maghsoodi, M.R. et al. (2019). Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, water and atmosphere using ornamental plants: mechanisms and efficiency improvement strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 8468–8484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04241-y
Aybar, M., Bilgin, A., Saghlam, B. (2015). Removal of heavy metals from soil by phytoremediation method. Journal of Natural Disasters and Environment, 1(1–2), 59–65
Baker, A.J.M., Brooks, R.R. (1989). Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements — a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Bio-recovery, 1, 81–126
Barlow, R., Bryant, N., Andersland, J., & Sahi, S. (2000). Lead hyperaccumulation by Sesbania drummondii. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research
Dimitroula, H. Syranidou, E., Manousaki, E., Nikolaos P., George P., Karatzas, Kalogerakis N. (2015). Mitigation measures for chromium-VI contaminated groundwater – The role of endophytic bacteria in rhizo-filtration, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 281, 114-120, ISSN 0304-3894
Dushenkov, V, Kumar, P.N., Motto, H., Raskin, I. (1995). Rhizo-filtration: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1239-1245
Fangyuan, B., Zheke, Z., Xiaoping, Z., Chuanbao, Y., Xu, G. (2020). Bamboo – An untapped plant resource for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils, Chemosphere, Volume 246, 125750, ISSN 0045-6535
Francesco, G., Antonio, M., Stefano, C., Angela, C. (2020). Arsenic phytovolatilization and epigenetic modifications in Arundo donax L. assisted by a PGPR consortium, Chemosphere, vol. 251, 126310, ISSN 0045-6535
Gujarathi, N.P., Haney, B.J. Park, H.J. Wickramasinghe, S.R. Linden, J.C. (2005). Hairy roots of Helianthus annuus: a model system to study phytoremediation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline. Biotechnol. Progr., 21, 775-780
He, Y., Langenhoff, A.A., Sutton, N.B., Rijnaarts, H.H. Blokland, M.H., Chen. F., Huber, C., Schröder, P. (2017). Metabolism of ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: uptake and phytodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4576-4584
Hui, L., Guangyao, Sh., Wentao, Sh., Ouyong, Xu. (2002). Uptake of trifluralin and lindane from water by ryegrass, Chemosphere, vol. 48, Issue 3, 335-341, ISSN 0045-6535, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00093-0
Hussain, S., Siddique, T., Arshad, M., & Saleem, M. (2009). Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticides: Recent Advances. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 39(10), 843–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380801910090
Jadia, C.D., Fulekar, M. (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: recent techniques. Afr. J, Biotechnol., 8
Jianv, Liu, Xin, Xin, and Qixing, Zhou. (2017). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils using ornamental plants. Environmental Reviews. 26(1): 43-54
Lasat, M.M. (2002). Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 109–120
Limmer, M., Burken, J. (2016). Phytovolatilization of organic contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 6632-6643
Liu, J., Zhou, Q., & Wang, S. (2010). Evaluation of Chemical Enhancement on Phytoremediation Effect of Cd-Contaminated Soils with Calendula Officinalis L. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 12(5), 503–515
Michael, A. (2023) Heavy Metals in Soil: A Review. Chem Eng Process Tech 8(1): 1076.
Mithembu, M. (2012). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from agricultural wastewater using constructed rhizo-filtration in Durban, South Africa. J. Agricul. Sci. Technol., 1142-1148
Raskin, I., Smith, R.D., Salt, D.E. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals: Using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8, 221–226
Ruley, J.A., Tumuhairwe, J.B., Amoding, A., Opolot, E., Oryem-Origa, H., Basamba, T. (2019). Assessment of plants for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in the Sudd Wetland of South Sudan. Plant Soil Environ. 65(9):463-469. doi:10.17221/322/2019-PSE
Salido, A.L., Hasty, K.L., Lim, J.M., & Butcher, D.J. (2003). Phytoremediation of Arsenic and Lead in Contaminated Soil Using Chinese Brake Ferns (Pteris vittata) and Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 5(2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610173
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N.P.B.A., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I., Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Bio/Technology, 13, 468–474
Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D., Raskin, I. (1998). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49, 643–668
Turkoghlu, S. (2019). Phytoremediation method in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals: Suitability of medicinal and aromatic plants. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(6), pp. 477–480
Van Eerd, L.L., Hoagland, R.E., Zablotowicz, R.M., Hall, J.C. (2003). Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms. Weed Science. 51(4):472-495. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051 [0472: PMIPAM]2.0.CO;2
Wang, H., Shan, Xq., Wen, B. et al. (2004). Responses of Antioxidative Enzymes to Accumulation of Copper in a Copper Hyperaccumulator of Commoelina communis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-2222-2
Wenbin, Zhou, Baosheng Qiu, (2005). Effects of cadmium hyperaccumulation on physiological characteristics of Sedum alfredii Hance (Crassulaceae), Plant Science, vol. 169, Issue 4, 737-745, ISSN 0168-9452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.030
Yadav, S.K. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants, South African Journal of Botany, vol. 76, Issue 2, 167-179, ISSN 0254-6299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
Yıldıztekin, M., Ulusoy, H., Tuna, A.L. (2019). Phytoremediation method in remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals: Suitability of medicinal and aromatic plants. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(6), 477–480
Yurdakul I. (2015). Plant remediation techniques and importance in contaminated soils and waters. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(1), 55–62
Zwolak, A., Sarzyńska, M., Szpyrka, E. et al. (2019). Sources of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Accumulation in Vegetables: a Review. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y
