Reverse Headgear - Facemask

Proffit WR, Fields H, Larson B, et al. Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018. p.442-6.

Tosun Y. Sabit Ortodontik Apareylerin Biyomekanik Prensipleri. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1999. p.154-8.

Delaire J. La croissance maxillaire: déductions thérapeutiques. Transactions of European Orthodontic Society. 1971.

Ülgen M. Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları; 1993. p.409

Ellis E 3rd, McNamara JA Jr. Components of adult Class III malocclusion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;42(5):295-305.

Petit H. Introduction à l'étude biomécanique du masque facial et de ses accessoires [Introduction to the biomechanical study of the facial mask and its accessories]. L'Orthodontie Française. 1983;54(2):353-65.

McNamara JA Jr. An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients. Journal of Clinical Orthodonics. 1987;21(9):598-608.

Kambara T. Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1977;71(3):249-77.

Nanda R. Protraction of maxilla in rhesus monkeys by controlled extraoral forces. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1978;74(2):121-41.

Nanda R. Biomechanical and clinical considerations of a modified protraction headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1980;78(2):125-39.

Tanne K, Miyasaka J, Yamagata Y, et al. Three-dimensional model of the human craniofacial skeleton: method and preliminary results using finite element analysis. Journal of Biomedical Engineering. 1988;10(3):246-52.

Billiet T, De Pauw G, Dermaut L. Location of the centre of resistance of the upper dentition and the nasomaxillary complex: an experimental study. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2001;23(3):263-73.

Hata S, Itoh T, Nakagawa M, et al. Biomechanical effects of maxillary protraction on the craniofacial complex. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1987;91(4):305-11.

Itoh T, Chaconas SJ, Caputo AA, et al. Photoelastic effects of maxillary protraction on the craniofacial complex. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1985;88(2):117-24.

Alcan T, Keles A, Erverdi N. The effects of a modified protraction headgear on maxilla. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;117(1):27-38.

Saadia M, Torres E. Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;117(6):669-80.

Stricker G, Clifford E, Cohen LK, et al. Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. A "State of the Art" assessment conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program Branch, The National Institute of Dental Research. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1979;76(4):410-22.

Chen KF, So LL. Soft tissue profile changes of reverse headgear treatment in Chinese boys with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. The Angle Orthodontist. 1997;67(1):31-8.

Flanary CM, Barnwell GM, VanSickels JE, et al. Impact of orthognathic surgery on normal and abnormal personality dimensions: a 2-year follow-up study of 61 patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1990;98(4):313-22.

Sugawaro J, Asano T, Endo N, et al. Long-term effects of chincap therapy on skeletal profile in mandibular prognathism. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1990;98:127-133.

Haas AJ. Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1970;57(3):219-55.

Bell RA. A review of maxillary expansion in relation to rate of expansion and patient's age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1982;81(1):32-7.

Graber LW, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KW, et al. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. 1st SA ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016. p.382-4

Turpin DL. Early Class III treatment. Presented at: 81st Annual Session, American Association of Orthodontists; 1981; San Francisco.

Joondeph DR. Early orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1993;104(2):199-200.

Suda N, Ishii-Suzuki M, Hirose K, et al. Effective treatment plan for maxillary protraction: is the bone age useful to determine the treatment plan? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;118(1):55-62.

Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Seminars in Orthodontics. 2005;11(3):119-29.

Fishman LS. Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. The Angle Orthodontist. 1982;52(2):88-112.

Takada K, Petdachai S, Sakuda M. Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1993;15(3):211-21.

Baccetti T, McGill JS, Franchi L, et al. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(3):333-43.

Kapust AJ, Sinclair PM, Turley PK. Cephalometric effects of face mask/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(2):204-12.

Merwin D, Ngan P, Hagg U, et al. Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;112(3):292-9.

Sung SJ, Baik HS. Assessment of skeletal and dental changes by maxillary protraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;114(5):492-502.

Spillane LM, McNamara JA Jr. Maxillary adaptation to expansion in the mixed dentition. Seminars in Orthodontics. 1995;1(3):176-87.

Turley PK. Managing the developing Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and facemask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.. 2002;122(4):349-52.

Staggers JA, Germane N, Legan HL. Clinical considerations in the use of protraction headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 1992;26(2):87-91.

Keles A, Tokmak EC, Erverdi N, et al. Effect of varying the force direction on maxillary orthopedic protraction. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002;72(5):387-96.

Wisth PJ, Tritrapunt A, Rygh P, et al. The effect of maxillary protraction on front occlusion and facial morphology. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1987;45(3):227-37.

Roberts CA, Subtelny JD. An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Use of the face mask in the treatment of maxillary skeletal retrusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988;93(5):388-94.

Kinzinger GSM, Hourfar J, Sommer JN, et al. Age-dependent effects of Delaire facemask therapy for class III malocclusion : Impact on maxillary sutures and palatal morphology. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 2025;86(4):197-215.

Ngan P, Hägg U, Yiu C, et al. Soft tissue and dentoskeletal profile changes associated with maxillary expansion and protraction headgear treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;109(1):38-49.

Kiliçoglu H, Kirliç Y. Profile changes in patients with class III malocclusions after Delaire mask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(4):453-62.

Lee KG, Ryu YK, Park YC, et al. A study of holographic interferometry on the initial reaction of maxillofacial complex during protraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;111(6):623-32.

Tanne K, Hiraga J, Kakiuchi K, et al. Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;95(3):200-7.

Cozzani G. Extraoral traction and class III treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1981;80(6):638-50.

Hickham JH. Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 1991;25(2):102-13.

Ranta R. Protraction of the cleft maxilla. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1988;10(3):215-22.

Turley PK. Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 1988;22(5):314-25.

Ngan P, Wei SH, Hagg U, et al. Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion. Quintessence International. 1992;23(3):197-207.

Haas AJ. Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. The Angle Orthodontist. 1961;31(2):73-90.

Saadeh M, Macari A, Haddad R, Ghafari J. Instability of palatal rugae following rapid maxillary expansion. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(5):474-481.

Kapoor P, Miglani R. Transverse changes in lateral and medial aspects of palatal rugae after mid palatal expansion: A pilot study. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2015;7(1):8-13.

Vaughn GA, Mason B, Moon HB, et al. The effects of maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal expansion: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2005;128(3):299-309.

Kim JH, Viana MA, Graber TM, et al. The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1999;115(6):675-85.

Liou EJ, Tsai WC. A new protocol for maxillary protraction in cleft patients: repetitive weekly protocol of alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions. The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal. 2005;42(2):121-7.

Kircelli BH, Pektas ZO. Midfacial protraction with skeletally anchored face mask therapy: a novel approach and preliminary results. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008;133(3):440-9.

Kircelli BH, Pektaş ZO, Uçkan S. Orthopedic protraction with skeletal anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and hypodontia. The Angle Orthodontist. 2006;76(1):156-63.

Hiyama S, Suda N, Ishii-Suzuki M, et al. Effects of maxillary protraction on craniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002;72(1):43-7.

Shanker S, Ngan P, Wade D, et al. Cephalometric A point changes during and after maxillary protraction and expansion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;110(4):423-30.

Proffit WR, Fields H, Larson B, et al. Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018. p.442-6.

Tosun Y. Sabit Ortodontik Apareylerin Biyomekanik Prensipleri. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1999. p.154-8.

Delaire J. La croissance maxillaire: déductions thérapeutiques. Transactions of European Orthodontic Society. 1971.

Ülgen M. Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları; 1993. p.409

Ellis E 3rd, McNamara JA Jr. Components of adult Class III malocclusion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;42(5):295-305.

Petit H. Introduction à l'étude biomécanique du masque facial et de ses accessoires [Introduction to the biomechanical study of the facial mask and its accessories]. L'Orthodontie Française. 1983;54(2):353-65.

McNamara JA Jr. An orthopedic approach to the treatment of Class III malocclusion in young patients. Journal of Clinical Orthodonics. 1987;21(9):598-608.

Kambara T. Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1977;71(3):249-77.

Nanda R. Protraction of maxilla in rhesus monkeys by controlled extraoral forces. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1978;74(2):121-41.

Nanda R. Biomechanical and clinical considerations of a modified protraction headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1980;78(2):125-39.

Tanne K, Miyasaka J, Yamagata Y, et al. Three-dimensional model of the human craniofacial skeleton: method and preliminary results using finite element analysis. Journal of Biomedical Engineering. 1988;10(3):246-52.

Billiet T, De Pauw G, Dermaut L. Location of the centre of resistance of the upper dentition and the nasomaxillary complex: an experimental study. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2001;23(3):263-73.

Hata S, Itoh T, Nakagawa M, et al. Biomechanical effects of maxillary protraction on the craniofacial complex. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1987;91(4):305-11.

Itoh T, Chaconas SJ, Caputo AA, et al. Photoelastic effects of maxillary protraction on the craniofacial complex. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1985;88(2):117-24.

Alcan T, Keles A, Erverdi N. The effects of a modified protraction headgear on maxilla. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;117(1):27-38.

Saadia M, Torres E. Sagittal changes after maxillary protraction with expansion in class III patients in the primary, mixed, and late mixed dentitions: a longitudinal retrospective study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;117(6):669-80.

Stricker G, Clifford E, Cohen LK, et al. Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. A "State of the Art" assessment conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program Branch, The National Institute of Dental Research. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1979;76(4):410-22.

Chen KF, So LL. Soft tissue profile changes of reverse headgear treatment in Chinese boys with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. The Angle Orthodontist. 1997;67(1):31-8.

Flanary CM, Barnwell GM, VanSickels JE, et al. Impact of orthognathic surgery on normal and abnormal personality dimensions: a 2-year follow-up study of 61 patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1990;98(4):313-22.

Sugawaro J, Asano T, Endo N, et al. Long-term effects of chincap therapy on skeletal profile in mandibular prognathism. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1990;98:127-133.

Haas AJ. Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1970;57(3):219-55.

Bell RA. A review of maxillary expansion in relation to rate of expansion and patient's age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1982;81(1):32-7.

Graber LW, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KW, et al. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. 1st SA ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016. p.382-4

Turpin DL. Early Class III treatment. Presented at: 81st Annual Session, American Association of Orthodontists; 1981; San Francisco.

Joondeph DR. Early orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1993;104(2):199-200.

Suda N, Ishii-Suzuki M, Hirose K, et al. Effective treatment plan for maxillary protraction: is the bone age useful to determine the treatment plan? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000;118(1):55-62.

Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Seminars in Orthodontics. 2005;11(3):119-29.

Fishman LS. Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. The Angle Orthodontist. 1982;52(2):88-112.

Takada K, Petdachai S, Sakuda M. Changes in dentofacial morphology in skeletal Class III children treated by a modified maxillary protraction headgear and a chin cup: a longitudinal cephalometric appraisal. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1993;15(3):211-21.

Baccetti T, McGill JS, Franchi L, et al. Skeletal effects of early treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion and face-mask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(3):333-43.

Kapust AJ, Sinclair PM, Turley PK. Cephalometric effects of face mask/expansion therapy in Class III children: a comparison of three age groups. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(2):204-12.

Merwin D, Ngan P, Hagg U, et al. Timing for effective application of anteriorly directed orthopedic force to the maxilla. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;112(3):292-9.

Sung SJ, Baik HS. Assessment of skeletal and dental changes by maxillary protraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;114(5):492-502.

Spillane LM, McNamara JA Jr. Maxillary adaptation to expansion in the mixed dentition. Seminars in Orthodontics. 1995;1(3):176-87.

Turley PK. Managing the developing Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and facemask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.. 2002;122(4):349-52.

Staggers JA, Germane N, Legan HL. Clinical considerations in the use of protraction headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 1992;26(2):87-91.

Keles A, Tokmak EC, Erverdi N, et al. Effect of varying the force direction on maxillary orthopedic protraction. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002;72(5):387-96.

Wisth PJ, Tritrapunt A, Rygh P, et al. The effect of maxillary protraction on front occlusion and facial morphology. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1987;45(3):227-37.

Roberts CA, Subtelny JD. An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Use of the face mask in the treatment of maxillary skeletal retrusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988;93(5):388-94.

Kinzinger GSM, Hourfar J, Sommer JN, et al. Age-dependent effects of Delaire facemask therapy for class III malocclusion : Impact on maxillary sutures and palatal morphology. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 2025;86(4):197-215.

Ngan P, Hägg U, Yiu C, et al. Soft tissue and dentoskeletal profile changes associated with maxillary expansion and protraction headgear treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;109(1):38-49.

Kiliçoglu H, Kirliç Y. Profile changes in patients with class III malocclusions after Delaire mask therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1998;113(4):453-62.

Lee KG, Ryu YK, Park YC, et al. A study of holographic interferometry on the initial reaction of maxillofacial complex during protraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;111(6):623-32.

Tanne K, Hiraga J, Kakiuchi K, et al. Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;95(3):200-7.

Cozzani G. Extraoral traction and class III treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1981;80(6):638-50.

Hickham JH. Maxillary protraction therapy: diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 1991;25(2):102-13.

Ranta R. Protraction of the cleft maxilla. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1988;10(3):215-22.

Turley PK. Orthopedic correction of Class III malocclusion with palatal expansion and custom protraction headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 1988;22(5):314-25.

Ngan P, Wei SH, Hagg U, et al. Effect of protraction headgear on Class III malocclusion. Quintessence International. 1992;23(3):197-207.

Haas AJ. Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. The Angle Orthodontist. 1961;31(2):73-90.

Saadeh M, Macari A, Haddad R, Ghafari J. Instability of palatal rugae following rapid maxillary expansion. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(5):474-481.

Kapoor P, Miglani R. Transverse changes in lateral and medial aspects of palatal rugae after mid palatal expansion: A pilot study. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2015;7(1):8-13.

Vaughn GA, Mason B, Moon HB, et al. The effects of maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal expansion: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2005;128(3):299-309.

Kim JH, Viana MA, Graber TM, et al. The effectiveness of protraction face mask therapy: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1999;115(6):675-85.

Liou EJ, Tsai WC. A new protocol for maxillary protraction in cleft patients: repetitive weekly protocol of alternate rapid maxillary expansions and constrictions. The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal. 2005;42(2):121-7.

Kircelli BH, Pektas ZO. Midfacial protraction with skeletally anchored face mask therapy: a novel approach and preliminary results. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008;133(3):440-9.

Kircelli BH, Pektaş ZO, Uçkan S. Orthopedic protraction with skeletal anchorage in a patient with maxillary hypoplasia and hypodontia. The Angle Orthodontist. 2006;76(1):156-63.

Hiyama S, Suda N, Ishii-Suzuki M, et al. Effects of maxillary protraction on craniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002;72(1):43-7.

Shanker S, Ngan P, Wade D, et al. Cephalometric A point changes during and after maxillary protraction and expansion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;110(4):423-30.