Chylothorax

Peralta R, Ramzee AF, Bakhsh ZK, et al. Utility of an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist in the management of chylothorax: a case series and management algorithm. European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine. 2024;11(8): 004705. doi:10.12890/2024_004705

Santos LLD, Santos CLD, Hu NKT, et al. Outcomes of chylothorax nonoperative management after cardiothoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2023;38(6): e20220326. doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2022-0326

V D Jr, Arshad AM, Ayub II, et al. A case of chylothorax in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cureus. 2024;16(10): e71957. doi:10.7759/cureus.71957

Ahn HY, I H. Non-conservative management of chylothorax. Journal of Chest Surgery. 2021;54(4): 325–329. doi:10.5090/jcs.21.056

Son J, Kim S, Son BS, et al. Outcomes of conservative management for chylothorax following minimally invasive lung cancer surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2025;20(1): 416. doi:10.1186/s13019-025-03618-0

Nair SK, Petko M, Hayward MP. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2007;32(2): 362–369. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024

Agrawal V, Doelken P, Sahn SA. Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 2008;133(6): 1436–1441. doi:10.1378/chest.07-2232

Rahman NM, Chapman SJ, Davies RJ. Pleural effusion: a structured approach to care. British Medical Bulletin. 2005;72: 31–47. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh040

Boffa DJ, Sands MJ, Rice TW, et al. A critical evaluation of a percutaneous diagnostic and treatment strategy for chylothorax after thoracic surgery. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2008;33(3): 435–439. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.11.028

Lee EW, Shin JH, Ko HK, et al. Lymphangiography to treat postoperative lymphatic leakage: a technical review. Korean Journal of Radiology. 2014;15(6): 724–732. doi:10.3348/kjr.2014.15.6.724

Papoulidis P, Vidanapathirana P, Dunning J. Chylothorax: new insights in treatment. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018;10(Suppl 33): S3976–S3977. doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.09.94

Rudrappa M, Paul M. Chylothorax. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.

Ur Rehman K, Sivakumar P. Non-traumatic chylothorax: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Breathe. 2022;18(2): 210163. doi:10.1183/20734735.0163-2021

Thamkittikun C, Tovichien P. Clinical approach for pulmonary lymphatic disorders. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2024;12(27): 6020–6026. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i27.6020

Chalret du Rieu M, Baulieux J, Rode A, et al. Management of postoperative chylothorax. Journal of Visceral Surgery. 2011;148(5): e346–e352. doi:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2011.09.006

Wasmuth-Pietzuch A, Hansmann M, Bartmann P, et al. Congenital chylothorax: lymphopenia and high risk of neonatal infections. Acta Paediatrica. 2004;93(2): 220–224. doi:10.1080/08035250310007312