Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tedavisinde Stimülan İlaçlar

Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 942–948.

Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490–499.

Bellato, A., Perrott, N. J., Marzulli, L., Parlatini, V., Coghill, D., & Cortese, S. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Effects of pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on quality of life. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 64(3), 346–361.

Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., et al. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.

Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA). (2020). Canadian ADHD practice guidelines(4.1 ed.). Toronto, ON: CADDRA.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018, March 14). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management guidance (NICE guideline NG87). Last updated September 13, 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87

May, T., Birch, E., Chaves, K., Cranswick, N., Culnane, E., Delaney, J., et al. (2023). The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Advance online publication.

Faraone, S. V. (2018). The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 255–270.

Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–581.

Frampton, J. E. (2018). Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: A review in paediatric ADHD. Drugs,78(10), 1025–1036.

Faraone, S. V. (2008). Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: The first long-acting prodrug stimulant treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 9(9), 1565–1574.

Yazıcı, K. U., Perçinel Yazıcı, İ., & Ercan, E. S. (2024). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu. İçinde E. S. Ercan, İ. Perçinel Yazıcı, Ö. Bilaç, K. U. Yazıcı, & A. G. Kılıçoğlu (Editörler), Çocuk ve ergenlerde psikofarmakoloji (pp. 323-368). Ankara: Nobel.

Martin, D., & Le, J. K. (2023, July 31). Amphetamine. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved January 2025.

Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., & Nutt, D. J. (2013). Amphetamine, past and present—A pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27(6), 479–496.

Taylor, K. M., & Snyder, S. H. (1970). Amphetamine: Differentiation by d and l isomers ofbehavior involving brain norepinephrine or dopamine. Science, 168(3938), 1487–1489.

Schouw, M. L., Kaag, A. M., Caan, M. W., Heijtel, D. F., Majoie, C. B., Nederveen, A. J., et al. (2013). Mapping the hemodynamic response in human subjects to a dopaminergic challenge with dextroamphetamine using ASL-based pharmacological MRI. NeuroImage, 72, 1–9.

Kashiwagi, Y., Rokugawa, T., Yamada, T., Obata, A., Watabe, H., Yoshioka, Y., et al. (2015). Pharmacological MRI response to a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor, GBR12909, in awake and anesthetized rats. Synapse, 69(4), 203–212.

Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., Ferrin, M., Hollis, C., Holtmann, M., Paramala, S., Sonuga-Barke, E., Soutullo, C., Steinhausen, H. C., Van der Oord, S., Wong, I. C. K., Zuddas, A., & Simonoff, E. (2023). The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: Bringing evidence to the clinic: Perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(8), 1337–1361.

Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., et al. (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 727–738.

Sharma, A., & Couture, J. (2014). A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment ofattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(2), 209–225.

Panizzon, L. (1944). La preparazione di piridil-e piperidil-arilacetonitrili e di alcuni prodotti di trasformazione (Parte I). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 27, 1748–1756.

Wenthur, C. J. (2016). Classics in chemical neuroscience: Methylphenidate. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 7(8), 1030–1040.

Knobel, M. (1962). Psychopharmacology for the hyperkinetic child. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 198–202.

Raman, S. R., Man, K. K. C., Bahmanyar, S., Berard, A., Bilder, S., Boukhris, T., et al. (2018). Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(10), 824–835.

Chan, A. Y. L., Ma, T. T., Lau, W. C. Y., Ip, P., Coghill, D., Gao, L., et al. (2023). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication consumption in 64 countries and regions from 2015 to 2019: A longitudinal study. eClinicalMedicine, 58, 101780.

Markowitz, J. S., & Patrick, K. S. (2008). Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: Does chirality matter? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(3 Suppl 2), S54–S61.

Markowitz, J. S., DeVane, C. L., Ramamoorthy, S., & Zhu, H. J. (2009). The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT(1A) receptor. Pharmazie, 64(2), 123–125.

Lee, J. S., Kim, B. N., Kang, E., Lee, D. S., Kim, Y. K., Chung, J. K., et al. (2005). Regional cerebral blood flow in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comparison before and after methylphenidate treatment. Human Brain Mapping, 24(3), 157–164.

Heal, D. J., Gosden, J., & Smith, S. L. (2022). New drugs to treat ADHD: Opportunities and challenges in research and development. In Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (Vol. 57, pp. 79–126). Springer.

Ercan, E. S., Mukaddes Motavallı, N., Yazgan, Y., Akay, A., & Yıldız, Ö. (2013). DEHB uzmangörüşü raporu Türkiye. Türkiye.

Verghese, C., Patel, P., & Abdijadid, S. (2024, October 29). Methylphenidate. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved January 2025.

de Freitas de Sousa, A., Coimbra, I. M., Castanho, J. M., Polanczyk, G. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In J. M. Rey & A. Martin (Eds.), JM Rey’s IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions.

Carucci, S., Balia, C., Gagliano, A., Lampis, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Danckaerts, M., et al. (2021). Long-term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 120, 509–525.

Hutt Vater, C., Biederman, J., DiSalvo, M., O'Connor, H., Parker, H., Woodworth, K. Y., et al. (2023). Growth trajectories in stimulant-treated children and adolescents: A qualitative review of the literature from comprehensive datasets and registries. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 344–355.

Ahlberg, R., Garcia-Argibay, M., Rietz, E. D., Butwicka, A., Cortese, S., D'Onofrio, B. M., Ludvigsson, J. F., & Larsson, H. (2023). Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD medication, and shorter height: A quasi-experimental and family-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(12),1316–1325.

Ercan, E. S., Avcı, A., Mukaddes Motavallı, N., Semerci, B., Şenol, S., & Yazgan, Y. (2008). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu: Klinik uygulama kılavuzu Türkiye. Türkiye.

Wilens, T. E., Prince, J. B., Spencer, T. J., & Biederman, J. (2006). Stimulants and sudden death: What is a physician to do? Pediatrics, 118(3), 1215–1219.

Zhang, L., Yao, H., Li, L., Du Rietz, E., Andell, P., Garcia-Argibay, M., et al. (2022). Risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with medications used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 5(11), e2243597.

Groom, M. J., & Cortese, S. (2022). Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. In Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (Vol. 57, pp. 19–50). Springer.

Mechler, K., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Häge, A. (2022). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology &Therapeutics, 230, 107940.

Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., et al. (2011). Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 543–553.

Hammerness, P., Petty, C., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2017). Do stimulants reduce the risk for alcohol and substance use in youth with ADHD? A secondary analysis of a prospective, 24-month open-label study of osmotic-release methylphenidate. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(1), 71–77.

Quinn, P. D., Chang, Z., Hur, K., Gibbons, R. D., Lahey, B. B., Rickert, M. E., et al. (2017). ADHD medication and substance-related problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(9), 877–885.

Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D’Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., et al. (2014). Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(8), 878–885.

Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 942–948.

Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490–499.

Bellato, A., Perrott, N. J., Marzulli, L., Parlatini, V., Coghill, D., & Cortese, S. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Effects of pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on quality of life. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 64(3), 346–361.

Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., et al. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.

Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA). (2020). Canadian ADHD practice guidelines(4.1 ed.). Toronto, ON: CADDRA.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018, March 14). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management guidance (NICE guideline NG87). Last updated September 13, 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87

May, T., Birch, E., Chaves, K., Cranswick, N., Culnane, E., Delaney, J., et al. (2023). The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Advance online publication.

Faraone, S. V. (2018). The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 255–270.

Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–581.

Frampton, J. E. (2018). Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: A review in paediatric ADHD. Drugs,78(10), 1025–1036.

Faraone, S. V. (2008). Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: The first long-acting prodrug stimulant treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 9(9), 1565–1574.

Yazıcı, K. U., Perçinel Yazıcı, İ., & Ercan, E. S. (2024). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu. İçinde E. S. Ercan, İ. Perçinel Yazıcı, Ö. Bilaç, K. U. Yazıcı, & A. G. Kılıçoğlu (Editörler), Çocuk ve ergenlerde psikofarmakoloji (pp. 323-368). Ankara: Nobel.

Martin, D., & Le, J. K. (2023, July 31). Amphetamine. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved January 2025.

Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., & Nutt, D. J. (2013). Amphetamine, past and present—A pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27(6), 479–496.

Taylor, K. M., & Snyder, S. H. (1970). Amphetamine: Differentiation by d and l isomers ofbehavior involving brain norepinephrine or dopamine. Science, 168(3938), 1487–1489.

Schouw, M. L., Kaag, A. M., Caan, M. W., Heijtel, D. F., Majoie, C. B., Nederveen, A. J., et al. (2013). Mapping the hemodynamic response in human subjects to a dopaminergic challenge with dextroamphetamine using ASL-based pharmacological MRI. NeuroImage, 72, 1–9.

Kashiwagi, Y., Rokugawa, T., Yamada, T., Obata, A., Watabe, H., Yoshioka, Y., et al. (2015). Pharmacological MRI response to a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor, GBR12909, in awake and anesthetized rats. Synapse, 69(4), 203–212.

Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., Ferrin, M., Hollis, C., Holtmann, M., Paramala, S., Sonuga-Barke, E., Soutullo, C., Steinhausen, H. C., Van der Oord, S., Wong, I. C. K., Zuddas, A., & Simonoff, E. (2023). The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: Bringing evidence to the clinic: Perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(8), 1337–1361.

Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., et al. (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 727–738.

Sharma, A., & Couture, J. (2014). A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment ofattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(2), 209–225.

Panizzon, L. (1944). La preparazione di piridil-e piperidil-arilacetonitrili e di alcuni prodotti di trasformazione (Parte I). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 27, 1748–1756.

Wenthur, C. J. (2016). Classics in chemical neuroscience: Methylphenidate. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 7(8), 1030–1040.

Knobel, M. (1962). Psychopharmacology for the hyperkinetic child. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 198–202.

Raman, S. R., Man, K. K. C., Bahmanyar, S., Berard, A., Bilder, S., Boukhris, T., et al. (2018). Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(10), 824–835.

Chan, A. Y. L., Ma, T. T., Lau, W. C. Y., Ip, P., Coghill, D., Gao, L., et al. (2023). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication consumption in 64 countries and regions from 2015 to 2019: A longitudinal study. eClinicalMedicine, 58, 101780.

Markowitz, J. S., & Patrick, K. S. (2008). Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: Does chirality matter? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(3 Suppl 2), S54–S61.

Markowitz, J. S., DeVane, C. L., Ramamoorthy, S., & Zhu, H. J. (2009). The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT(1A) receptor. Pharmazie, 64(2), 123–125.

Lee, J. S., Kim, B. N., Kang, E., Lee, D. S., Kim, Y. K., Chung, J. K., et al. (2005). Regional cerebral blood flow in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comparison before and after methylphenidate treatment. Human Brain Mapping, 24(3), 157–164.

Heal, D. J., Gosden, J., & Smith, S. L. (2022). New drugs to treat ADHD: Opportunities and challenges in research and development. In Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (Vol. 57, pp. 79–126). Springer.

Ercan, E. S., Mukaddes Motavallı, N., Yazgan, Y., Akay, A., & Yıldız, Ö. (2013). DEHB uzmangörüşü raporu Türkiye. Türkiye.

Verghese, C., Patel, P., & Abdijadid, S. (2024, October 29). Methylphenidate. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved January 2025.

de Freitas de Sousa, A., Coimbra, I. M., Castanho, J. M., Polanczyk, G. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In J. M. Rey & A. Martin (Eds.), JM Rey’s IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions.

Carucci, S., Balia, C., Gagliano, A., Lampis, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Danckaerts, M., et al. (2021). Long-term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 120, 509–525.

Hutt Vater, C., Biederman, J., DiSalvo, M., O'Connor, H., Parker, H., Woodworth, K. Y., et al. (2023). Growth trajectories in stimulant-treated children and adolescents: A qualitative review of the literature from comprehensive datasets and registries. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 344–355.

Ahlberg, R., Garcia-Argibay, M., Rietz, E. D., Butwicka, A., Cortese, S., D'Onofrio, B. M., Ludvigsson, J. F., & Larsson, H. (2023). Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD medication, and shorter height: A quasi-experimental and family-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(12),1316–1325.

Ercan, E. S., Avcı, A., Mukaddes Motavallı, N., Semerci, B., Şenol, S., & Yazgan, Y. (2008). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu: Klinik uygulama kılavuzu Türkiye. Türkiye.

Wilens, T. E., Prince, J. B., Spencer, T. J., & Biederman, J. (2006). Stimulants and sudden death: What is a physician to do? Pediatrics, 118(3), 1215–1219.

Zhang, L., Yao, H., Li, L., Du Rietz, E., Andell, P., Garcia-Argibay, M., et al. (2022). Risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with medications used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 5(11), e2243597.

Groom, M. J., & Cortese, S. (2022). Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. In Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (Vol. 57, pp. 19–50). Springer.

Mechler, K., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Häge, A. (2022). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology &Therapeutics, 230, 107940.

Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., et al. (2011). Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 543–553.

Hammerness, P., Petty, C., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2017). Do stimulants reduce the risk for alcohol and substance use in youth with ADHD? A secondary analysis of a prospective, 24-month open-label study of osmotic-release methylphenidate. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(1), 71–77.

Quinn, P. D., Chang, Z., Hur, K., Gibbons, R. D., Lahey, B. B., Rickert, M. E., et al. (2017). ADHD medication and substance-related problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(9), 877–885.

Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D’Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., et al. (2014). Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(8), 878–885.