Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Nöromodülasyon ve QEEG Çalışmaları
Özet
Referanslar
Groves, N.B., et al., Executive functioning and emotion regulation in children with and without ADHD. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2022: p. 1-15.
Riglin, L., et al., Young-adult social outcomes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023. 84(2): p. 45209.
Cuffe, S.P., et al., ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity: Functional outcomes in a school-based sample of children. Journal of attention disorders, 2020. 24(9): p. 1345-1354.
Jensen, P.S., et al., ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2001. 40(2): p. 147-158.
Groom, M.J. and S. Cortese, Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. New Discoveries in the Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2022: p. 19-50.
Boland, H., et al., A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. Journal of psychiatric research, 2020. 123: p. 21-30.
Shin, Y.M., et al., The revised Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (IV)-non-pharmacologic treatment. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017. 28(2): p. 84-95.
Herrera-Melendez, A.-L., M. Bajbouj, and S. Aust, Application of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatry. Neuropsychobiology, 2020. 79(6): p. 372-383.
Richter, K., S. Kellner, and C. Licht, rTMS in mental health disorders. Frontiers in Network Physiology, 2023. 3: p. 943223.
Razoki, B., Neurofeedback versus psychostimulants in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2018: p. 2905-2913.
Chhabra, H., et al., Tolerance of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders: An analysis of 2000+ sessions. Psychiatry research, 2020. 284: p. 112744.
Paulus, W., Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES–tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 2011. 21(5): p. 602-617.
Dell'Osso, B. and G. Di Lorenzo, Non invasive brain stimulation in psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2020, Springer.
Lee, S.-H. and Y.-K. Kim, Application of transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS and tACS) on major depressive disorder. Recent Advances and Challenges in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder, 2024: p. 129-143.
Stagg, C.J. and M.A. Nitsche, Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. The Neuroscientist, 2011. 17(1): p. 37-53.
Shahid, S., P. Wen, and T. Ahfock, Numerical investigation of white matter anisotropic conductivity in defining current distribution under tDCS. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 2013. 109(1): p. 48-64.
Moliadze, V., et al., Stimulation intensities of transcranial direct current stimulation have to be adjusted in children and adolescents. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2015. 126(7): p. 1392-1399.
Rubio, B., et al., Noninvasive brain stimulation in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a review. Journal of child neurology, 2016. 31(6): p. 784-796.
Samani, M.M., et al., Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex. Cortex, 2019. 119: p. 350-361.
Salehinejad, M.A., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in ADHD: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and protocol-induced electrical field modeling results. Neuroscience bulletin, 2020. 36: p. 1191-1212.
Breitling, C., et al., Comparison between conventional and HD-tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus in children and adolescents with ADHD. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2020. 131(5): p. 1146-1154.
Moliadze, V., et al., 1 mA cathodal tDCS shows excitatory effects in children and adolescents: insights from TMS evoked N100 potential. Brain Research Bulletin, 2018. 140: p. 43-51.
Batsikadze, G., et al., Partially non‐linear stimulation intensity‐dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. The Journal of physiology, 2013. 591(7): p. 1987-2000.
Faria, P., M. Hallett, and P.C. Miranda, A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS. Journal of neural engineering, 2011. 8(6): p. 066017.
Salehinejad, M.A., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits. PloS one, 2019. 14(4): p. e0215095.
Soff, C., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 2017. 124: p. 133-144.
Allenby, C., et al., Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD. Brain stimulation, 2018. 11(5): p. 974-981.
Estaji, R., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1): p. 13889.
Westwood, S.J., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 2023. 53(2): p. 497-512.
Schertz, M., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in children with ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2022. 155: p. 302-312.
Yang, C.-M. and J.W. Kim, Neuromodulation as a potential intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2025. 36(1): p. 2.
Hallett, M., Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron, 2007. 55(2): p. 187-199.
Rossini, P.M., et al., Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee. Clinical neurophysiology, 2015. 126(6): p. 1071-1107.
Huang, Y.-Z., et al., Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 2005. 45(2): p. 201-206.
Thickbroom, G.W., Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity: experimental framework and human models. Experimental brain research, 2007. 180: p. 583-593.
Li, X., et al., The first step for neuroimaging data analysis: DICOM to NIfTI conversion. Journal of neuroscience methods, 2016. 264: p. 47-56.
Fox, M.D., et al., Measuring and manipulating brain connectivity with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroimage, 2012. 62(4): p. 2232-2243.
Wassermann, E.M., Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 1998. 108(1): p. 1-16.
Oberman, L. and A. Pascual-Leone, Changes in plasticity across the lifespan: cause of disease and target for intervention. Progress in brain research, 2013. 207: p. 91-120.
Garvey, M.A. and V. Mall, Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children. Clinical neurophysiology, 2008. 119(5): p. 973-984.
Brunoni, A.R., et al., Noninvasive brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a primer. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018. 41: p. 70-81.
Gilbert, D., et al., Motor cortex inhibition: a marker of ADHD behavior and motor development in children. Neurology, 2011. 76(7): p. 615-621.
Krishnan, C., et al., Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents. Brain stimulation, 2015. 8(1): p. 76-87.
Deng, Z.-D., S.H. Lisanby, and A.V. Peterchev, Electric field depth–focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: simulation comparison of 50 coil designs. Brain stimulation, 2013. 6(1): p. 1-13.
Nagy, N.A.S., et al., The therapeutic role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Egypt a randomized sham controlled clinical trial. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2022. 29(1): p. 55.
Westwood, S.J., J. Radua, and K. Rubia, Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2021. 46(1): p. E14-E33.
Gilbert, D.L., et al., Should transcranial magnetic stimulation research in children be considered minimal risk? Clinical neurophysiology, 2004. 115(8): p. 1730-1739.
Gómez, L., et al., Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Preliminary results. Brain Stimul, 2014. 7(5): p. 760-2.
Weaver, L., et al., Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a pilot study. The journal of ECT, 2012. 28(2): p. 98-103.
Masuda, F., et al., Clinical effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review. Autism, 2019. 23(7): p. 1614-1629.
Wang, J., et al., Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on prefrontal cortical activation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Frontiers in Neurology, 2024. 15: p. 1503975.
Dos Santos, R.M., et al., Breaking boundaries: A systematic review of the application of non‐invasive brain stimulation symptoms and sleep parameters in people with ADHD. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience.
Bloch, Y., et al., Positive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on attention in ADHD Subjects: a randomized controlled pilot study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2010. 11(5): p. 755-758.
Paz, Y., et al., Randomised sham-controlled study of high-frequency bilateral deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to treat adult attention hyperactive disorder (ADHD): Negative results. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018. 19(7): p. 561-566.
Arns, M., et al., Neurofeedback and attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) in children: rating the evidence and proposed guidelines. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2020. 45(2): p. 39-48.
Chartier, D.R., et al., Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. 2023: Elsevier.
Ros, T., et al., Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: a systems neuroscience framework. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2014. 8: p. 1008.
Kim, J.I., et al., Clinical significance for neurofeedback training of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 2015. 54(1): p. 62-68.
Markovska-Simoska, S. and N. Pop-Jordanova, Quantitative EEG in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: comparison of absolute and relative power spectra and theta/beta ratio. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2017. 48(1): p. 20-32.
Arns, M., C.K. Conners, and H.C. Kraemer, A decade of EEG theta/beta ratio research in ADHD: a meta-analysis. Journal of attention disorders, 2013. 17(5): p. 374-383.
Lubar, J.F. and M.N. Shouse, EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) A preliminary report. Biofeedback and Self-regulation, 1976. 1(3): p. 293-306.
Kim, H.L., et al., Effects of neurofeedback in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary study. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 2012. 51(5): p. 326-334.
Elbert, T., et al., Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials. I. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1980. 48(3): p. 293-301.
Heinrich, H., et al., Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Biological psychiatry, 2004. 55(7): p. 772-775.
Strehl, U., et al., Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials: a new treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 2006. 118(5): p. e1530-e1540.
Leins, U., et al., Neurofeedback for children with ADHD: a comparison of SCP and Theta/Beta protocols. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2007. 32: p. 73-88.
Hodgson, K., A.D. Hutchinson, and L. Denson, Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Journal of attention disorders, 2014. 18(4): p. 275-282.
Pakdaman, F., et al., The efficacy of Ritalin in ADHD children under neurofeedback training. Neurological Sciences, 2018. 39: p. 2071-2078.
Moreno-Garcia, I., A. Cano-Crespo, and F. Rivera, Results of neurofeedback in treatment of children with ADHD: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2022. 47(3): p. 145-181.
Himmelmeier, L. and K. Werheid, Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: a systematic review of personalization and methodological features facilitating training conditions. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2024. 55(6): p. 625-635.
Geladé, K., et al., Behavioral effects of neurofeedback compared to stimulants and physical activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2016. 77(10): p. 12667.
Bink, M., et al., 1-year follow-up of neurofeedback treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open, 2016. 2(2): p. 107-115.
Lee, E.-J. and C.-H. Jung, Additive effects of neurofeedback on the treatment of ADHD: A randomized controlled study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 2017. 25: p. 16-21.
Duric, N.S., et al., Multimodal treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-month follow-up. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 2017. 71(5): p. 386-394.
Geladé, K., et al., A 6-month follow-up of an RCT on behavioral and neurocognitive effects of neurofeedback in children with ADHD. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018. 27: p. 581-593.
Westwood, S.J., et al., Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 2024.
Health, N.I.o., Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at a Glance. NCCAM [Web Page], 2013.
Arnsten, A.F., Stimulants: therapeutic actions in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006. 31(11): p. 2376-2383.
Kelly, A., D.S. Margulies, and F.X. Castellanos, Recent advances in structural and functional brain imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current psychiatry reports, 2007. 9(5): p. 401-407.
Willcutt, E.G., et al., Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological psychiatry, 2005. 57(11): p. 1336-1346.
Abbas, A.K., et al., Effective connectivity in brain networks estimated using EEG signals is altered in children with ADHD. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2021. 134: p. 104515.
Heinrich, H., et al., EEG spectral analysis of attention in ADHD: implications for neurofeedback training? Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2014. 8: p. 611.
Robertson, M.M., et al., EEG power spectral slope differs by ADHD status and stimulant medication exposure in early childhood. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2019. 122(6): p. 2427-2437.
Mohammadi, M.R., et al., EEG classification of ADHD and normal children using non-linear features and neural network. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 2016. 6(2): p. 66-73.
Ghassemi, F., et al., Using non-linear features of EEG for ADHD/normal participants’ classification. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012. 32: p. 148-152.
Sohn, H., et al., Linear and non-linear EEG analysis of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during a cognitive task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010. 121(11): p. 1863-1870.
McVoy, M., et al., A systematic review of quantitative EEG as a possible biomarker in child psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry research, 2019. 279: p. 331-344.
Kiiski, H., et al., EEG spectral power, but not theta/beta ratio, is a neuromarker for adult ADHD. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2020. 51(10): p. 2095-2109.
Shephard, E., et al., Resting-state neurophysiological activity patterns in young people with ASD, ADHD, and ASD+ ADHD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2018. 48(1): p. 110-122.
Lenartowicz, A. and S.K. Loo, Use of EEG to diagnose ADHD. Current psychiatry reports, 2014. 16(11): p. 1-11.
Ogrim, G., J. Kropotov, and K. Hestad, The quantitative EEG theta/beta ratio in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and normal controls: sensitivity, specificity, and behavioral correlates. Psychiatry research, 2012. 198(3): p. 482-488.
van Dongen-Boomsma, M., et al., Relation between resting EEG to cognitive performance and clinical symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience letters, 2010. 469(1): p. 102-106.
Loo, S.K., et al., Cortical activity patterns in ADHD during arousal, activation and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 2009. 47(10): p. 2114-2119.
Buyck, I. and J.R. Wiersema, Resting electroencephalogram in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: developmental course and diagnostic value. Psychiatry research, 2014. 216(3): p. 391-397.
Liechti, M.D., et al., Diagnostic value of resting electroencephalogram in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Brain topography, 2013. 26(1): p. 135-151.
Loo, S.K., et al., Characterization of the theta to beta ratio in ADHD: identifying potential sources of heterogeneity. Journal of attention disorders, 2013. 17(5): p. 384-392.
Jackson, A.F. and D.J. Bolger, The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 2014. 51(11): p. 1061-1071.
Olbrich, S., R. van Dinteren, and M. Arns, Personalized medicine: review and perspectives of promising baseline EEG biomarkers in major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 2016. 72(3-4): p. 229-240.
Widge, A.S., et al., Electroencephalographic biomarkers for treatment response prediction in major depressive illness: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2019. 176(1): p. 44-56.
Kim, J.W., et al., Theta-phase gamma-amplitude coupling as a neurophysiological marker of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Neuroscience letters, 2015. 603: p. 25-30.
Fernández, A., et al., Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic implications. Biological psychiatry, 2009. 65(7): p. 571-577.
Fonseca, L.C., et al., Epileptiform abnormalities and quantitative EEG in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2008. 66: p. 462-467.
Coolidge, F.L., M.T. Starkey, and B.S. Cahill, Comparison of a parent-rated DSM-IV measure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and quantitative EEG parameters in an outpatient sample of children. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2007. 24(4): p. 348-351.
Breteler, R., et al., Neurofeedback in residential children and adolescents with mild mental retardation and ADHD behavior. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2012. 16(3): p. 172-182.
Hillard, B., et al., Neurofeedback training aimed to improve focused attention and alertness in children with ADHD: a study of relative power of EEG rhythms using custom-made software application. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2013. 44(3): p. 193-202.
Doehnert, M., et al., Slow cortical potential neurofeedback in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is there neurophysiological evidence for specific effects? Journal of Neural Transmission, 2008. 115: p. 1445-1456.
Isiten, H.N., et al., Medication effects on EEG biomarkers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2017. 48(4): p. 246-250.
Song, D.H., et al., Effects of methylphenidate on quantitative EEG of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in continuous performance test. Yonsei Medical Journal, 2005. 46(1): p. 34-41.
Chabot, R.J., et al., Behavioral and electrophysiologic predictors of treatment response to stimulants in children with attention disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, 1999. 14(6): p. 343-351.
Ogrim, G. and J.D. Kropotov, Predicting clinical gains and side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by combining measures from qEEG and ERPs in a Cued GO/NOGO task. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 2019. 50(1): p. 34-43.
Tripp, G., E.A. Schaughency, and B. Clarke, Parent and teacher rating scales in the evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: contribution to diagnosis and differential diagnosis in clinically referred children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 2006. 27(3): p. 209-218.
Referanslar
Groves, N.B., et al., Executive functioning and emotion regulation in children with and without ADHD. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2022: p. 1-15.
Riglin, L., et al., Young-adult social outcomes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023. 84(2): p. 45209.
Cuffe, S.P., et al., ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity: Functional outcomes in a school-based sample of children. Journal of attention disorders, 2020. 24(9): p. 1345-1354.
Jensen, P.S., et al., ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2001. 40(2): p. 147-158.
Groom, M.J. and S. Cortese, Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. New Discoveries in the Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2022: p. 19-50.
Boland, H., et al., A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. Journal of psychiatric research, 2020. 123: p. 21-30.
Shin, Y.M., et al., The revised Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (IV)-non-pharmacologic treatment. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017. 28(2): p. 84-95.
Herrera-Melendez, A.-L., M. Bajbouj, and S. Aust, Application of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatry. Neuropsychobiology, 2020. 79(6): p. 372-383.
Richter, K., S. Kellner, and C. Licht, rTMS in mental health disorders. Frontiers in Network Physiology, 2023. 3: p. 943223.
Razoki, B., Neurofeedback versus psychostimulants in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2018: p. 2905-2913.
Chhabra, H., et al., Tolerance of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders: An analysis of 2000+ sessions. Psychiatry research, 2020. 284: p. 112744.
Paulus, W., Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES–tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 2011. 21(5): p. 602-617.
Dell'Osso, B. and G. Di Lorenzo, Non invasive brain stimulation in psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2020, Springer.
Lee, S.-H. and Y.-K. Kim, Application of transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS and tACS) on major depressive disorder. Recent Advances and Challenges in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder, 2024: p. 129-143.
Stagg, C.J. and M.A. Nitsche, Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. The Neuroscientist, 2011. 17(1): p. 37-53.
Shahid, S., P. Wen, and T. Ahfock, Numerical investigation of white matter anisotropic conductivity in defining current distribution under tDCS. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 2013. 109(1): p. 48-64.
Moliadze, V., et al., Stimulation intensities of transcranial direct current stimulation have to be adjusted in children and adolescents. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2015. 126(7): p. 1392-1399.
Rubio, B., et al., Noninvasive brain stimulation in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a review. Journal of child neurology, 2016. 31(6): p. 784-796.
Samani, M.M., et al., Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex. Cortex, 2019. 119: p. 350-361.
Salehinejad, M.A., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in ADHD: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and protocol-induced electrical field modeling results. Neuroscience bulletin, 2020. 36: p. 1191-1212.
Breitling, C., et al., Comparison between conventional and HD-tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus in children and adolescents with ADHD. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2020. 131(5): p. 1146-1154.
Moliadze, V., et al., 1 mA cathodal tDCS shows excitatory effects in children and adolescents: insights from TMS evoked N100 potential. Brain Research Bulletin, 2018. 140: p. 43-51.
Batsikadze, G., et al., Partially non‐linear stimulation intensity‐dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. The Journal of physiology, 2013. 591(7): p. 1987-2000.
Faria, P., M. Hallett, and P.C. Miranda, A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS. Journal of neural engineering, 2011. 8(6): p. 066017.
Salehinejad, M.A., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits. PloS one, 2019. 14(4): p. e0215095.
Soff, C., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 2017. 124: p. 133-144.
Allenby, C., et al., Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD. Brain stimulation, 2018. 11(5): p. 974-981.
Estaji, R., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1): p. 13889.
Westwood, S.J., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 2023. 53(2): p. 497-512.
Schertz, M., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in children with ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2022. 155: p. 302-312.
Yang, C.-M. and J.W. Kim, Neuromodulation as a potential intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2025. 36(1): p. 2.
Hallett, M., Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron, 2007. 55(2): p. 187-199.
Rossini, P.M., et al., Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee. Clinical neurophysiology, 2015. 126(6): p. 1071-1107.
Huang, Y.-Z., et al., Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 2005. 45(2): p. 201-206.
Thickbroom, G.W., Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity: experimental framework and human models. Experimental brain research, 2007. 180: p. 583-593.
Li, X., et al., The first step for neuroimaging data analysis: DICOM to NIfTI conversion. Journal of neuroscience methods, 2016. 264: p. 47-56.
Fox, M.D., et al., Measuring and manipulating brain connectivity with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroimage, 2012. 62(4): p. 2232-2243.
Wassermann, E.M., Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 1998. 108(1): p. 1-16.
Oberman, L. and A. Pascual-Leone, Changes in plasticity across the lifespan: cause of disease and target for intervention. Progress in brain research, 2013. 207: p. 91-120.
Garvey, M.A. and V. Mall, Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children. Clinical neurophysiology, 2008. 119(5): p. 973-984.
Brunoni, A.R., et al., Noninvasive brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a primer. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018. 41: p. 70-81.
Gilbert, D., et al., Motor cortex inhibition: a marker of ADHD behavior and motor development in children. Neurology, 2011. 76(7): p. 615-621.
Krishnan, C., et al., Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents. Brain stimulation, 2015. 8(1): p. 76-87.
Deng, Z.-D., S.H. Lisanby, and A.V. Peterchev, Electric field depth–focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: simulation comparison of 50 coil designs. Brain stimulation, 2013. 6(1): p. 1-13.
Nagy, N.A.S., et al., The therapeutic role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Egypt a randomized sham controlled clinical trial. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2022. 29(1): p. 55.
Westwood, S.J., J. Radua, and K. Rubia, Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2021. 46(1): p. E14-E33.
Gilbert, D.L., et al., Should transcranial magnetic stimulation research in children be considered minimal risk? Clinical neurophysiology, 2004. 115(8): p. 1730-1739.
Gómez, L., et al., Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Preliminary results. Brain Stimul, 2014. 7(5): p. 760-2.
Weaver, L., et al., Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a pilot study. The journal of ECT, 2012. 28(2): p. 98-103.
Masuda, F., et al., Clinical effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review. Autism, 2019. 23(7): p. 1614-1629.
Wang, J., et al., Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on prefrontal cortical activation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Frontiers in Neurology, 2024. 15: p. 1503975.
Dos Santos, R.M., et al., Breaking boundaries: A systematic review of the application of non‐invasive brain stimulation symptoms and sleep parameters in people with ADHD. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience.
Bloch, Y., et al., Positive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on attention in ADHD Subjects: a randomized controlled pilot study. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2010. 11(5): p. 755-758.
Paz, Y., et al., Randomised sham-controlled study of high-frequency bilateral deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to treat adult attention hyperactive disorder (ADHD): Negative results. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018. 19(7): p. 561-566.
Arns, M., et al., Neurofeedback and attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) in children: rating the evidence and proposed guidelines. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2020. 45(2): p. 39-48.
Chartier, D.R., et al., Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. 2023: Elsevier.
Ros, T., et al., Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: a systems neuroscience framework. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2014. 8: p. 1008.
Kim, J.I., et al., Clinical significance for neurofeedback training of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 2015. 54(1): p. 62-68.
Markovska-Simoska, S. and N. Pop-Jordanova, Quantitative EEG in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: comparison of absolute and relative power spectra and theta/beta ratio. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2017. 48(1): p. 20-32.
Arns, M., C.K. Conners, and H.C. Kraemer, A decade of EEG theta/beta ratio research in ADHD: a meta-analysis. Journal of attention disorders, 2013. 17(5): p. 374-383.
Lubar, J.F. and M.N. Shouse, EEG and behavioral changes in a hyperkinetic child concurrent with training of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) A preliminary report. Biofeedback and Self-regulation, 1976. 1(3): p. 293-306.
Kim, H.L., et al., Effects of neurofeedback in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary study. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 2012. 51(5): p. 326-334.
Elbert, T., et al., Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials. I. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1980. 48(3): p. 293-301.
Heinrich, H., et al., Training of slow cortical potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for positive behavioral and neurophysiological effects. Biological psychiatry, 2004. 55(7): p. 772-775.
Strehl, U., et al., Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials: a new treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 2006. 118(5): p. e1530-e1540.
Leins, U., et al., Neurofeedback for children with ADHD: a comparison of SCP and Theta/Beta protocols. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2007. 32: p. 73-88.
Hodgson, K., A.D. Hutchinson, and L. Denson, Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Journal of attention disorders, 2014. 18(4): p. 275-282.
Pakdaman, F., et al., The efficacy of Ritalin in ADHD children under neurofeedback training. Neurological Sciences, 2018. 39: p. 2071-2078.
Moreno-Garcia, I., A. Cano-Crespo, and F. Rivera, Results of neurofeedback in treatment of children with ADHD: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2022. 47(3): p. 145-181.
Himmelmeier, L. and K. Werheid, Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: a systematic review of personalization and methodological features facilitating training conditions. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2024. 55(6): p. 625-635.
Geladé, K., et al., Behavioral effects of neurofeedback compared to stimulants and physical activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2016. 77(10): p. 12667.
Bink, M., et al., 1-year follow-up of neurofeedback treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open, 2016. 2(2): p. 107-115.
Lee, E.-J. and C.-H. Jung, Additive effects of neurofeedback on the treatment of ADHD: A randomized controlled study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 2017. 25: p. 16-21.
Duric, N.S., et al., Multimodal treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-month follow-up. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 2017. 71(5): p. 386-394.
Geladé, K., et al., A 6-month follow-up of an RCT on behavioral and neurocognitive effects of neurofeedback in children with ADHD. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018. 27: p. 581-593.
Westwood, S.J., et al., Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 2024.
Health, N.I.o., Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at a Glance. NCCAM [Web Page], 2013.
Arnsten, A.F., Stimulants: therapeutic actions in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006. 31(11): p. 2376-2383.
Kelly, A., D.S. Margulies, and F.X. Castellanos, Recent advances in structural and functional brain imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current psychiatry reports, 2007. 9(5): p. 401-407.
Willcutt, E.G., et al., Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological psychiatry, 2005. 57(11): p. 1336-1346.
Abbas, A.K., et al., Effective connectivity in brain networks estimated using EEG signals is altered in children with ADHD. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2021. 134: p. 104515.
Heinrich, H., et al., EEG spectral analysis of attention in ADHD: implications for neurofeedback training? Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2014. 8: p. 611.
Robertson, M.M., et al., EEG power spectral slope differs by ADHD status and stimulant medication exposure in early childhood. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2019. 122(6): p. 2427-2437.
Mohammadi, M.R., et al., EEG classification of ADHD and normal children using non-linear features and neural network. Biomedical Engineering Letters, 2016. 6(2): p. 66-73.
Ghassemi, F., et al., Using non-linear features of EEG for ADHD/normal participants’ classification. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012. 32: p. 148-152.
Sohn, H., et al., Linear and non-linear EEG analysis of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during a cognitive task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010. 121(11): p. 1863-1870.
McVoy, M., et al., A systematic review of quantitative EEG as a possible biomarker in child psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry research, 2019. 279: p. 331-344.
Kiiski, H., et al., EEG spectral power, but not theta/beta ratio, is a neuromarker for adult ADHD. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2020. 51(10): p. 2095-2109.
Shephard, E., et al., Resting-state neurophysiological activity patterns in young people with ASD, ADHD, and ASD+ ADHD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2018. 48(1): p. 110-122.
Lenartowicz, A. and S.K. Loo, Use of EEG to diagnose ADHD. Current psychiatry reports, 2014. 16(11): p. 1-11.
Ogrim, G., J. Kropotov, and K. Hestad, The quantitative EEG theta/beta ratio in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and normal controls: sensitivity, specificity, and behavioral correlates. Psychiatry research, 2012. 198(3): p. 482-488.
van Dongen-Boomsma, M., et al., Relation between resting EEG to cognitive performance and clinical symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience letters, 2010. 469(1): p. 102-106.
Loo, S.K., et al., Cortical activity patterns in ADHD during arousal, activation and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 2009. 47(10): p. 2114-2119.
Buyck, I. and J.R. Wiersema, Resting electroencephalogram in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: developmental course and diagnostic value. Psychiatry research, 2014. 216(3): p. 391-397.
Liechti, M.D., et al., Diagnostic value of resting electroencephalogram in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Brain topography, 2013. 26(1): p. 135-151.
Loo, S.K., et al., Characterization of the theta to beta ratio in ADHD: identifying potential sources of heterogeneity. Journal of attention disorders, 2013. 17(5): p. 384-392.
Jackson, A.F. and D.J. Bolger, The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 2014. 51(11): p. 1061-1071.
Olbrich, S., R. van Dinteren, and M. Arns, Personalized medicine: review and perspectives of promising baseline EEG biomarkers in major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 2016. 72(3-4): p. 229-240.
Widge, A.S., et al., Electroencephalographic biomarkers for treatment response prediction in major depressive illness: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2019. 176(1): p. 44-56.
Kim, J.W., et al., Theta-phase gamma-amplitude coupling as a neurophysiological marker of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Neuroscience letters, 2015. 603: p. 25-30.
Fernández, A., et al., Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic implications. Biological psychiatry, 2009. 65(7): p. 571-577.
Fonseca, L.C., et al., Epileptiform abnormalities and quantitative EEG in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2008. 66: p. 462-467.
Coolidge, F.L., M.T. Starkey, and B.S. Cahill, Comparison of a parent-rated DSM-IV measure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and quantitative EEG parameters in an outpatient sample of children. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2007. 24(4): p. 348-351.
Breteler, R., et al., Neurofeedback in residential children and adolescents with mild mental retardation and ADHD behavior. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2012. 16(3): p. 172-182.
Hillard, B., et al., Neurofeedback training aimed to improve focused attention and alertness in children with ADHD: a study of relative power of EEG rhythms using custom-made software application. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2013. 44(3): p. 193-202.
Doehnert, M., et al., Slow cortical potential neurofeedback in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is there neurophysiological evidence for specific effects? Journal of Neural Transmission, 2008. 115: p. 1445-1456.
Isiten, H.N., et al., Medication effects on EEG biomarkers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2017. 48(4): p. 246-250.
Song, D.H., et al., Effects of methylphenidate on quantitative EEG of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in continuous performance test. Yonsei Medical Journal, 2005. 46(1): p. 34-41.
Chabot, R.J., et al., Behavioral and electrophysiologic predictors of treatment response to stimulants in children with attention disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, 1999. 14(6): p. 343-351.
Ogrim, G. and J.D. Kropotov, Predicting clinical gains and side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by combining measures from qEEG and ERPs in a Cued GO/NOGO task. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 2019. 50(1): p. 34-43.
Tripp, G., E.A. Schaughency, and B. Clarke, Parent and teacher rating scales in the evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: contribution to diagnosis and differential diagnosis in clinically referred children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 2006. 27(3): p. 209-218.