Entelektüel Yeti Yitimi ve Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th ed.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/en

Sheehan, R., Leng, J., Woods, H., & Baksh, R. A. (2024). Diagnosis and pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with and without intellectual disability: Cohort study using electronic health records. Psychological Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001338

Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018

Adak, İ., & Kılıç, N. (2024). Entelektüel yetersizlikte kendine zarar verici davranışların yönetiminde son gelişmeler. In Ö. Ekinci (Ed.), Nörogelişimsel bozukluklarda tanı ve tedavi: Son gelişmeler (1st ed., pp. 73–79). Türkiye Klinikleri.

Taşdemir, İ. (2020). Entellektüel yeti yitimi (zihinsel engellilik). In E. Ercan, Ö. Bilaç, İ. Perçinel Yazıcı, M. Ö. Kütük, Ü. Işık, A. G. Kılıçoğlu, F. S. Durak, H. Kandemir, K. U. Yazıcı, G. Ünsel Bolat, C. Kavurma, & F. Kılıçaslan (Eds.), Çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi: Güncel yaklaşımlar ve temel kavramlar (pp.227 –236). Akademisyen Kitabevi.

Leonard, H., & Wen, X. (2002). The epidemiology of mental retardation: Challenges and opportunities in the new millennium. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8(3), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.10031

Cooper, S. A., Bhaumik, S., & Alexander, R. (2020). Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of intellectual disability. In Oxford textbook of the psychiatry of intellectual disability (pp. 1–6). Oxford University Press.

Bernard, S. H. (2020). Epidemiology and aetiology. In S. H. Bernard & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Mental health needs of children and young people with intellectual disabilities: A reader for professionals and support staff in health, education, and social care (2nd ed., pp. 19–27). Pavilion.

Swanepoel, A., & Lovell, M. (2023). Stopping inappropriate medication of children with intellectual disability, autism, or both: The STOMP–STAMP initiative. BJPsych Advances, 29(5), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2023.14

Harris, J. C. (2006). Intellectual disability: Understanding its development, causes, classification, evaluation, and treatment. Oxford University Press.

McClain, M. B., Mills, A. M. H., & Murphy, L. E. (2017). Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 70, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.009

Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Crnic, K., & Blacher, J. (2013). Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: Clinical presentation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9698-4

Jopp, D. A., & Keys, C. B. (2001). Diagnostic overshadowing reviewed and reconsidered. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(5), 416–433.https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0416:DORAR>2.0.CO;2

Handen, B. L., McAuliffe, S., Janosky, J., Feldman, H., & Breaux, A. M. (1994). Classroom behavior and children with mental retardation: Comparison of children with and without ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(3), 267–280.

Perera, B., Courtenay, K., Solomou, S., Borakati, A., & Strydom, A. (2020). Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in intellectual disability: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, versus clinical impression. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12705

Perera, B., McCarthy, J., & Courtenay, K. (2022). Assessing and managing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability. BJPsych Advances, 28(6), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2022.23

Perera, B., Chen, J., Korb, L., Borakati, A., Courtenay, K., Henley, W., ... & Shankar, R. (2021). Patterns of comorbidity and psychopharmacology in adults with intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A UK national cross-sectional audit. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 22(8), 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1876028

Perera, B., & Courtenay, K. (2017). ADHD and challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: Should we screen for ADHD? Psychiatria Danubina, 29(suppl. 3), 562–564.

Korb, L., Perera, B., & Courtenay, K. (2019). Challenging behaviour or untreated ADHD? Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3/4), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-12-2018-0053

First, M. B., Gaebel, W., Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Saunders, J. B., ... & Reed, G. M. (2021). An organization‐and category‐level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD‐11 and DSM‐5. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20825

Burack, J. A., Evans, D. W., Klaiman, C., & Iarocci, G. (2001). The mysterious myth of attention deficits and other defect stories: Contemporary issues in the developmental approach to mental retardation. In M. J. Guralnick (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 24, pp. 299–320). Academic Press.

Voigt, R. G., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2006). Developmental dissociation, deviance, and delay: Occurrence of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder in individuals with and without borderline-to-mild intellectual disability. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(10), 831–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001782

Hastings, R. P., Beck, A., Daley, D., & Hill, C. (2005). Symptoms of ADHD and their correlates in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(5), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2004.10.003

Antshel, K. M., Phillips, M. H., Gordon, M., Barkley, R., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). Is ADHD a valid disorder in children with intellectual delays? Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.002

Reilly, C., Senior, J., & Murtagh, L. (2015). ASD, ADHD, mental health conditions and psychopharmacology in neurogenetic syndromes: Parent survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12147

Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543

Reilly, C., & Holland, N. (2011). Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with intellectual disability: A review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24(4), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2010.00607.x

La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S., & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability: The use of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002

Tural Hesapcioglu, S., Ceylan, M. F., Kasak, M., & Yavas, C. P. (2021). Psychiatric comorbidities of mild intellectual disability in children and adolescents in a clinical setting. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 67(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1634935

Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 915–922. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046892.27264.1A

Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., & Crnic, K. A. (2011). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: An examination across time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(7), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01416.x

Ahuja, A., Martin, J., Langley, K., & Thapar, A. (2013). Intellectual disability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(3), 890–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.043

Baker, B. L., Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A., & Blacher, J. (2010). Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: Focus on ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.486321

Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Ellis, L. A., Taffe, J., Emerson, E., Tonge, B. J., & Horstead, S. K. (2010). Intellectual disability modifies gender effects on disruptive behaviors. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(4), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2010.519098

Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8

De Ruiter, K. P., Dekker, M. C., Douma, J. C., Verhulst, F. C., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Development of parent‐ and teacher‐reported emotional and behavioural problems in young people with intellectual disabilities: Does level of intellectual disability matter? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2007.00370.x

Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005

Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 729–749.

Xenitidis, K., Paliokosta, E., Rose, E., Maltezos, S., & Bramham, J. (2010). ADHD symptom presentation and trajectory in adults with borderline and mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 668–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01270.x

Handen, B. L., Janosky, J., & McAuliffe, S. (1997). Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 287–295.

Peterson, B. S., Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (2022). Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in an epidemiological sample. In Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome (pp. 107–117). Routledge.

Bromley, B. E., & Blacher, J. (1991). Parental reasons for out-of-home placement of children with severe handicaps. Mental Retardation, 29(5), 275.

Mailick Seltzer, M., & Wyngaarden Krauss, M. (2001). Quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities who live with family. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.1015.

Neece, C. L., Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(1), 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.1.48

Miller, J., Perera, B., & Shankar, R. (2020). Clinical guidance on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for people with intellectual disability. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 21(15), 1897–1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1790524

Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., … & Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 789–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Perera, B. (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2018.7

Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2021). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability (College Report CR230). RCPsych. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk

Stuhec, M., Lukić, P., & Locatelli, I. (2019). Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, methylphenidate, and modafinil in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 53(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028018795703

Ghanizadeh, A., Freeman, R. D., & Berk, M. (2013). Efficacy and adverse effects of venlafaxine in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review of non-controlled and controlled trials. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 8(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887111308010002

Courtenay, K., & Perera, B. (2022). ADHD and intellectual disability: Using ADHD medication. European Psychiatry, 65(S1), S83–S84. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.252

Turk, J. (2014). Use of medication in children and young people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviours. In M. Lovell & O. Udwin (Eds.), Intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour (ACAMH Occasional Paper No. 32, pp. 36–44). Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

Aman, M. G., Smith, T., Arnold, L. E., Corbett-Dick, P., Tumuluru, R., Hollway, J. A., … & Handen, B. (2014). A review of atomoxetine effects in young people with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(6), 1412–1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.006

Clark, B., & Bélanger, S. A. (2018). ADHD in children and youth: Part 3—Assessment and treatment with comorbid ASD, ID, or prematurity. Paediatrics & Child Health, 23(7), 485. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy111

Tarrant, N., Roy, M., Deb, S., Odedra, S., Retzer, A., & Roy, A. (2018). The effectiveness of methylphenidate in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.017

Hanna, H. (2020). Specific conditions. In S. H. Bernard & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Mental health needs of children and young people with intellectual disabilities: A reader for professionals and support staff in health, education and social care (2nd ed., pp. 45–60). Pavilion.

Xenitidis, K., Zahid, S., & Marshall, C. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disability. In S. Bhaumik & R. Alexander (Eds.), Oxford textbook of the psychiatry of intellectual disability (pp. 75–82). Oxford University Press.

Joshi, G., Wilens, T., Firmin, E. S., Hoskova, B., & Biederman, J. (2021). Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(3), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120972336.

Popow, C., Ohmann, S., & Plener, P. (2021). Practitioner’s review: Medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions. Neuropsychiatrie, 35(3), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th ed.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/en

Sheehan, R., Leng, J., Woods, H., & Baksh, R. A. (2024). Diagnosis and pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with and without intellectual disability: Cohort study using electronic health records. Psychological Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001338

Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018

Adak, İ., & Kılıç, N. (2024). Entelektüel yetersizlikte kendine zarar verici davranışların yönetiminde son gelişmeler. In Ö. Ekinci (Ed.), Nörogelişimsel bozukluklarda tanı ve tedavi: Son gelişmeler (1st ed., pp. 73–79). Türkiye Klinikleri.

Taşdemir, İ. (2020). Entellektüel yeti yitimi (zihinsel engellilik). In E. Ercan, Ö. Bilaç, İ. Perçinel Yazıcı, M. Ö. Kütük, Ü. Işık, A. G. Kılıçoğlu, F. S. Durak, H. Kandemir, K. U. Yazıcı, G. Ünsel Bolat, C. Kavurma, & F. Kılıçaslan (Eds.), Çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi: Güncel yaklaşımlar ve temel kavramlar (pp.227 –236). Akademisyen Kitabevi.

Leonard, H., & Wen, X. (2002). The epidemiology of mental retardation: Challenges and opportunities in the new millennium. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8(3), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.10031

Cooper, S. A., Bhaumik, S., & Alexander, R. (2020). Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of intellectual disability. In Oxford textbook of the psychiatry of intellectual disability (pp. 1–6). Oxford University Press.

Bernard, S. H. (2020). Epidemiology and aetiology. In S. H. Bernard & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Mental health needs of children and young people with intellectual disabilities: A reader for professionals and support staff in health, education, and social care (2nd ed., pp. 19–27). Pavilion.

Swanepoel, A., & Lovell, M. (2023). Stopping inappropriate medication of children with intellectual disability, autism, or both: The STOMP–STAMP initiative. BJPsych Advances, 29(5), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2023.14

Harris, J. C. (2006). Intellectual disability: Understanding its development, causes, classification, evaluation, and treatment. Oxford University Press.

McClain, M. B., Mills, A. M. H., & Murphy, L. E. (2017). Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 70, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.009

Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Crnic, K., & Blacher, J. (2013). Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: Clinical presentation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9698-4

Jopp, D. A., & Keys, C. B. (2001). Diagnostic overshadowing reviewed and reconsidered. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(5), 416–433.https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0416:DORAR>2.0.CO;2

Handen, B. L., McAuliffe, S., Janosky, J., Feldman, H., & Breaux, A. M. (1994). Classroom behavior and children with mental retardation: Comparison of children with and without ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(3), 267–280.

Perera, B., Courtenay, K., Solomou, S., Borakati, A., & Strydom, A. (2020). Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in intellectual disability: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, versus clinical impression. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12705

Perera, B., McCarthy, J., & Courtenay, K. (2022). Assessing and managing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability. BJPsych Advances, 28(6), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2022.23

Perera, B., Chen, J., Korb, L., Borakati, A., Courtenay, K., Henley, W., ... & Shankar, R. (2021). Patterns of comorbidity and psychopharmacology in adults with intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A UK national cross-sectional audit. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 22(8), 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1876028

Perera, B., & Courtenay, K. (2017). ADHD and challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: Should we screen for ADHD? Psychiatria Danubina, 29(suppl. 3), 562–564.

Korb, L., Perera, B., & Courtenay, K. (2019). Challenging behaviour or untreated ADHD? Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3/4), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-12-2018-0053

First, M. B., Gaebel, W., Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Saunders, J. B., ... & Reed, G. M. (2021). An organization‐and category‐level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD‐11 and DSM‐5. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20825

Burack, J. A., Evans, D. W., Klaiman, C., & Iarocci, G. (2001). The mysterious myth of attention deficits and other defect stories: Contemporary issues in the developmental approach to mental retardation. In M. J. Guralnick (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 24, pp. 299–320). Academic Press.

Voigt, R. G., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2006). Developmental dissociation, deviance, and delay: Occurrence of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder in individuals with and without borderline-to-mild intellectual disability. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(10), 831–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001782

Hastings, R. P., Beck, A., Daley, D., & Hill, C. (2005). Symptoms of ADHD and their correlates in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(5), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2004.10.003

Antshel, K. M., Phillips, M. H., Gordon, M., Barkley, R., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). Is ADHD a valid disorder in children with intellectual delays? Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.002

Reilly, C., Senior, J., & Murtagh, L. (2015). ASD, ADHD, mental health conditions and psychopharmacology in neurogenetic syndromes: Parent survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12147

Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543

Reilly, C., & Holland, N. (2011). Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with intellectual disability: A review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24(4), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2010.00607.x

La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S., & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability: The use of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002

Tural Hesapcioglu, S., Ceylan, M. F., Kasak, M., & Yavas, C. P. (2021). Psychiatric comorbidities of mild intellectual disability in children and adolescents in a clinical setting. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 67(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1634935

Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 915–922. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046892.27264.1A

Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., & Crnic, K. A. (2011). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: An examination across time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(7), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01416.x

Ahuja, A., Martin, J., Langley, K., & Thapar, A. (2013). Intellectual disability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(3), 890–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.043

Baker, B. L., Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A., & Blacher, J. (2010). Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: Focus on ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.486321

Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Ellis, L. A., Taffe, J., Emerson, E., Tonge, B. J., & Horstead, S. K. (2010). Intellectual disability modifies gender effects on disruptive behaviors. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(4), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2010.519098

Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8

De Ruiter, K. P., Dekker, M. C., Douma, J. C., Verhulst, F. C., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Development of parent‐ and teacher‐reported emotional and behavioural problems in young people with intellectual disabilities: Does level of intellectual disability matter? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2007.00370.x

Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005

Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 729–749.

Xenitidis, K., Paliokosta, E., Rose, E., Maltezos, S., & Bramham, J. (2010). ADHD symptom presentation and trajectory in adults with borderline and mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 668–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01270.x

Handen, B. L., Janosky, J., & McAuliffe, S. (1997). Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 287–295.

Peterson, B. S., Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (2022). Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in an epidemiological sample. In Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome (pp. 107–117). Routledge.

Bromley, B. E., & Blacher, J. (1991). Parental reasons for out-of-home placement of children with severe handicaps. Mental Retardation, 29(5), 275.

Mailick Seltzer, M., & Wyngaarden Krauss, M. (2001). Quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities who live with family. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.1015.

Neece, C. L., Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(1), 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.1.48

Miller, J., Perera, B., & Shankar, R. (2020). Clinical guidance on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for people with intellectual disability. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 21(15), 1897–1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1790524

Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., … & Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 789–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Perera, B. (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2018.7

Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2021). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability (College Report CR230). RCPsych. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk

Stuhec, M., Lukić, P., & Locatelli, I. (2019). Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, methylphenidate, and modafinil in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 53(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028018795703

Ghanizadeh, A., Freeman, R. D., & Berk, M. (2013). Efficacy and adverse effects of venlafaxine in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review of non-controlled and controlled trials. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 8(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887111308010002

Courtenay, K., & Perera, B. (2022). ADHD and intellectual disability: Using ADHD medication. European Psychiatry, 65(S1), S83–S84. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.252

Turk, J. (2014). Use of medication in children and young people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviours. In M. Lovell & O. Udwin (Eds.), Intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour (ACAMH Occasional Paper No. 32, pp. 36–44). Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

Aman, M. G., Smith, T., Arnold, L. E., Corbett-Dick, P., Tumuluru, R., Hollway, J. A., … & Handen, B. (2014). A review of atomoxetine effects in young people with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(6), 1412–1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.006

Clark, B., & Bélanger, S. A. (2018). ADHD in children and youth: Part 3—Assessment and treatment with comorbid ASD, ID, or prematurity. Paediatrics & Child Health, 23(7), 485. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy111

Tarrant, N., Roy, M., Deb, S., Odedra, S., Retzer, A., & Roy, A. (2018). The effectiveness of methylphenidate in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.017

Hanna, H. (2020). Specific conditions. In S. H. Bernard & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Mental health needs of children and young people with intellectual disabilities: A reader for professionals and support staff in health, education and social care (2nd ed., pp. 45–60). Pavilion.

Xenitidis, K., Zahid, S., & Marshall, C. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disability. In S. Bhaumik & R. Alexander (Eds.), Oxford textbook of the psychiatry of intellectual disability (pp. 75–82). Oxford University Press.

Joshi, G., Wilens, T., Firmin, E. S., Hoskova, B., & Biederman, J. (2021). Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(3), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120972336.

Popow, C., Ohmann, S., & Plener, P. (2021). Practitioner’s review: Medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions. Neuropsychiatrie, 35(3), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9