Bilişsel Kopma Sendromu ile DEHB Ayırıcı Tanısı ve Komorbiditeler

Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, H. A., Hynd, G., ... & Lorys-Vernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(3), 330-335.

Becker, S. P., Marshall, S. A., & McBurnett, K. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo in abnormal child psychology: an historical overview and introduction to the special section. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 1-6.

Becker, S. P., Leopold, D. R., Burns, G. L., Jarrett, M. A., Langberg, J. M., Marshall, S. A., ... & Willcutt, E. G. (2016). The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 163-178.

Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 123-129.

Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 161-173.

Camprodon-Rosanas, E., Ribas-Fitó, N., Batlle-Vila, S., Persavento, C., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Sunyer, J., & Forns, J. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo: Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics in a population of Catalan school children. Journal of attention disorders, 21(8), 632-641.

Servera, M., Sáez, B., Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2018). Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(8), 818.

Burns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Montano, J. J., & Servera, M. (2024). Clinical distinction between cognitive disengagement syndrome and ADHD presentations in a nationally representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(12), 1601-1611.

Barkley, R. A. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): Current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 117-125.

Becker, S. P., Willcutt, E. G., Leopold, D. R., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., Jacobson, L. A., ... & Barkley, R. A. (2023). Report of a work group on sluggish cognitive tempo: Key research directions and a consensus change in terminology to cognitive disengagement syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(6), 629-645.

Mueller, A. K., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Groen, Y., Lange, K. W., & Tucha, O. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo and its neurocognitive, social and emotive correlates: a systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 2(1), 5.

Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Smith, Z. R., & Langberg, J. M. (2020). Sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with and without ADHD: Differentiation from adolescent-reported ADHD inattention and unique associations with internalizing domains. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(3), 391-406.

Jacobson, L. A., Murphy-Bowman, S. C., Pritchard, A. E., Tart-Zelvin, A., Zabel, T. A., & Mahone, E. M. (2012). Factor structure of a sluggish cognitive tempo scale in clinically-referred children. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(8), 1327-1337.

Penny, A. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Klein, R. M., Corkum, P., & Eskes, G. (2009). Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability. Psychological assessment, 21(3), 380.

Garner, A. A., Marceaux, J. C., Mrug, S., Patterson, C., & Hodgens, B. (2010). Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1097-1107.

Lee, S., Burns, G. L., Snell, J., & McBurnett, K. (2014). Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo symptom dimension in children: Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention as distinct symptom dimensions. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 7-19.

Barkley, R. A. (2012). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of abnormal psychology, 121(4), 978.

Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2021). Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US children: Differentiation using categorical and dimensional approaches. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(2), 267-280.

Tahıllıoğlu A, Bilaç Ö, Kardaş B, Kardaş Ö, Bolat G.Ü., Duman N.S. (2024). The prevalence, sociodemographic, and comorbidity characteristics of turkish children with cognitive disengagement syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Investigation, 62(1), 22-31.

Polanczyk, G., De Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. American journal of psychiatry, 164(6), 942-948.

Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., & Barbosa, F. (2018). ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors. Research in developmental disabilities, 82, 10-19.

Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Luebbe, A. M., Dvorsky, M. R., & Flannery, A. J. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with academic functioning and internalizing symptoms in college students with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 388-403.

Willcutt, E. G., Chhabildas, N., Kinnear, M., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., Leopold, D. R., ... & Pennington, B. F. (2014). The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and its relation with DSM–IV ADHD. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 21-35.

Becker, S. P. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome: A construct at the crossroads. American Psychologist.

American Psychiatric Association. (2025). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Mikami, A. Y., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Pfiffner, L. J., McBurnett, K., & Hangai, D. (2007). Social skills differences among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder types in a chat room assessment task. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 35(4), 509-521.

Marshall, S. A., Evans, S. W., Eiraldi, R. B., Becker, S. P., & Power, T. J. (2014). Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominately inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 77-90.

Becker, S. P., & Barkley, R. A. (2018). Sluggish cognitive tempo. Oxford textbook of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 13, 147-153.

Leopold, D. R., Christopher, M. E., Burns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Olson, R. K., & Willcutt, E. G. (2016). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo throughout childhood: Temporal invariance and stability from preschool through ninth grade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(9), 1066-1074.

Rondon, A. T., Hilton, D. C., Jarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020). Sleep, internalizing problems, and social withdrawal: Unique associations in clinic-referred youth with elevated sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. Journal of attention disorders, 24(4), 524-534.

Becker, S. P., Garner, A. A., Tamm, L., Antonini, T. N., & Epstein, J. N. (2019). Honing in on the social difficulties associated with sluggish cognitive tempo in children: Withdrawal, peer ignoring, and low engagement. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 228-237.

Becker, S. P., Vaughn, A. J., Zoromski, A. K., Burns, G. L., Mikami, A. Y., Fredrick, J. W., ... & Tamm, L. (2025). A multi-method examination of peer functioning in children with and without cognitive disengagement syndrome. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 54(3), 389-404.

Bauermeister, J. J., Barkley, R. A., Bauermeister, J. A., Martínez, J. V., & McBurnett, K. (2012). Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: Neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(5), 683-697.

Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Burns, G. L., Mossing, K. W., Schmitt, A. P., Fershtman, C. E., ... & Tamm, L. (2022). Academic functioning in children with and without sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of School Psychology, 95, 105-120.

Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Konofal, E., & Lecendreux, M. (2009). Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 894-908.

Fredrick, J. W., Yeaman, K. M., Yu, X., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2022). A multi‐method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(12), 1658-1667.

Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Calhoun, S. L. (2021). Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems in elementary school children. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 7(4), 182-191.

Smith, Z. R., Eadeh, H. M., Breaux, R. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2019). Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment, 31(3), 365.

Langberg, J. M., Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., & Luebbe, A. M. (2014). Are sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs?. Psychological assessment, 26(2), 586.

Araujo Jiménez, E. A., Jané Ballabriga, M. C., Bonillo Martin, A., Arrufat, F. J., & Serra Giacobo, R. (2015). Executive functioning in children and adolescents with symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(6), 507-514.

Barkley, R. A., Willcutt, E., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022). What is the cognitive deficit in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)? A review of neuropsychological research. The ADHD Report, 30(2), 1-10.

Wåhlstedt, C., & Bohlin, G. (2010). DSM-IV-defined inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo: Independent and interactive relations to neuropsychological factors and comorbidity. Child Neuropsychology, 16(4), 350-365.

Baytunca, M. B., Inci, S. B., Ipci, M., Kardas, B., Bolat, G. U., & Ercan, E. S. (2018). The neurocognitive nature of children with ADHD comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo: Might SCT be a disorder of vigilance?. Psychiatry research, 270, 967-973.

Becker, S. P., Dunn, N. C., Fredrick, J. W., McBurnett, K., Tamm, L., & Burns, G. L. (2024). Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome–Clinical Interview (CDS-CI): Psychometric support for caregiver and youth versions. Psychological Assessment.

Camprodon-Rosanas, E., Batlle, S., Estrada-Prat, X., Aceña-Díaz, M., Petrizan-Aleman, A., Pujals, E., ... & Ribas-Fitó, N. (2016). Sluggish cognitive tempo in a child and adolescent clinical outpatient setting. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 22(5), 355-362.

Tahıllıoğlu, A., Bilaç, Ö., Erbaş, S., Barankoğlu Sevin, İ., Aydınlıoğlu, H. M., & Ercan, E. S. (2024). The association between cognitive disengagement syndrome and specific learning disorder in children and adolescents with ADHD. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1-9.

Mayes, S. D., Seebeck, J., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2022). Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and age and IQ in preschool and school-age children and adolescents with autism and with ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3746-3754.

Mayes, S. D., Becker, S. P., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome and autism traits are empirically distinct from each other and from other psychopathology dimensions. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 53(2), 151-161.

Reinvall, O., Kujala, T., Voutilainen, A., Moisio, A. L., Lahti‐Nuuttila, P., & Laasonen, M. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo in children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders: Social impairments and internalizing symptoms. Scandinavian journal of Psychology, 58(5), 389-399.

Duncan, A., Tamm, L., Birnschein, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2019). Clinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(6), 1354-1362.

Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Calhoun, S. L. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS)(formerly sluggish cognitive tempo), autism, and insomnia symptoms in childhood predict CDS in adolescence: A longitudinal population-based study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 56(2), 369-378.

Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2020). Sluggish cognitive tempo in autism, ADHD, and neurotypical child samples. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 79, 101678.

Carpenter, K. L., Davis, N. O., Spanos, M., Sabatos-DeVito, M., Aiello, R., Compton, S. N., ... & Dawson, G. (2024). Cognitive disengagement syndrome in young autistic children, children with ADHD, and autistic children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-12.

McFayden, T., Jarrett, M. A., White, S. W., Scarpa, A., Dahiya, A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2022). Sluggish cognitive tempo in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and their comorbidity: Implications for impairment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 51(2), 195-202.

Fenollar Cortés, J., Servera, M., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2017). External validity of ADHD inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo dimensions in Spanish children with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 21(8), 655-666.

Becker, S. P., Luebbe, A. M., Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo in psychiatrically hospitalized children: Factor structure and relations to internalizing symptoms, social problems, and observed behavioral dysregulation. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 49-62.

Becker, S. P., Webb, K. L., & Dvorsky, M. R. (2021). Initial examination of the bidirectional associations between sluggish cognitive tempo and internalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(2), 258-266.

Fredrick, J. W., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2022). Longitudinal association of sluggish cognitive tempo with depression in adolescents and the possible role of peer victimization. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 50(6), 809-822.

Becker, S. P., Holdaway, A. S., & Luebbe, A. M. (2018). Suicidal behaviors in college students: Frequency, sex differences, and mental health correlates including sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2), 181-188.

Thornton, K. E., Wiggs, K. K., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., & Becker, S. P. (2025). ADHD and cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms related to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in early adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(3), 1195-1206.

Becker, S. P., Withrow, A. R., Stoppelbein, L., Luebbe, A. M., Fite, P. J., & Greening, L. (2016). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with suicide risk in psychiatrically hospitalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(12), 1390-1399.

Scaini, S., Medda, E., Battaglia, M., De Giuli, G., Stazi, M. A., D’Ippolito, C., & Fagnani, C. (2023). A twin study of the relationships between cognitive disengagement syndrome and anxiety phenotypes in childhood and adolescence. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(7), 949-960.

Callan, P. D., Shepler, D. K., Justice, M. D., & Oliver, C. E. (2020). Correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo among clinic-referred youth: Expanding awareness of somatic symptoms and stress in the clinical picture. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 6(3), 143-158.

Becker, S. P., Garner, A. A., & Byars, K. C. (2016). Sluggish cognitive tempo in children referred to a pediatric Sleep Disorders Center: Examining possible overlap with sleep problems and associations with impairment. Journal of psychiatric research, 77, 116-124.

O'Hare, K., White, N., Harding, R., Galland, B., Sellbom, M., Shine, B., & Schaughency, E. (2021). Sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness mediate relationships between sleep and academic performance. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 637-647.

Loram, G., Silk, T., Ling, M., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Hyde, C., McGillivray, J., & Sciberras, E. (2021). Associations between sleep, daytime sleepiness and functional outcomes in adolescents with ADHD. Sleep Medicine, 87, 174-182.

Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., Tilford, A. A., Tischner, C. M., Isaacson, P. A., ... & Beebe, D. W. (2019). Shortened sleep duration causes sleepiness, inattention, and oppositionality in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Findings from a crossover sleep restriction/extension study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(4), 433-442.

Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2021). Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems and impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(2), 518-530.

Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, H. A., Hynd, G., ... & Lorys-Vernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(3), 330-335.

Becker, S. P., Marshall, S. A., & McBurnett, K. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo in abnormal child psychology: an historical overview and introduction to the special section. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 1-6.

Becker, S. P., Leopold, D. R., Burns, G. L., Jarrett, M. A., Langberg, J. M., Marshall, S. A., ... & Willcutt, E. G. (2016). The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 163-178.

Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 123-129.

Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 161-173.

Camprodon-Rosanas, E., Ribas-Fitó, N., Batlle-Vila, S., Persavento, C., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Sunyer, J., & Forns, J. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo: Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics in a population of Catalan school children. Journal of attention disorders, 21(8), 632-641.

Servera, M., Sáez, B., Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2018). Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(8), 818.

Burns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Montano, J. J., & Servera, M. (2024). Clinical distinction between cognitive disengagement syndrome and ADHD presentations in a nationally representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(12), 1601-1611.

Barkley, R. A. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): Current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 117-125.

Becker, S. P., Willcutt, E. G., Leopold, D. R., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., Jacobson, L. A., ... & Barkley, R. A. (2023). Report of a work group on sluggish cognitive tempo: Key research directions and a consensus change in terminology to cognitive disengagement syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(6), 629-645.

Mueller, A. K., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Groen, Y., Lange, K. W., & Tucha, O. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo and its neurocognitive, social and emotive correlates: a systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 2(1), 5.

Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Smith, Z. R., & Langberg, J. M. (2020). Sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with and without ADHD: Differentiation from adolescent-reported ADHD inattention and unique associations with internalizing domains. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(3), 391-406.

Jacobson, L. A., Murphy-Bowman, S. C., Pritchard, A. E., Tart-Zelvin, A., Zabel, T. A., & Mahone, E. M. (2012). Factor structure of a sluggish cognitive tempo scale in clinically-referred children. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(8), 1327-1337.

Penny, A. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Klein, R. M., Corkum, P., & Eskes, G. (2009). Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability. Psychological assessment, 21(3), 380.

Garner, A. A., Marceaux, J. C., Mrug, S., Patterson, C., & Hodgens, B. (2010). Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1097-1107.

Lee, S., Burns, G. L., Snell, J., & McBurnett, K. (2014). Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo symptom dimension in children: Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention as distinct symptom dimensions. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 7-19.

Barkley, R. A. (2012). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of abnormal psychology, 121(4), 978.

Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2021). Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US children: Differentiation using categorical and dimensional approaches. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(2), 267-280.

Tahıllıoğlu A, Bilaç Ö, Kardaş B, Kardaş Ö, Bolat G.Ü., Duman N.S. (2024). The prevalence, sociodemographic, and comorbidity characteristics of turkish children with cognitive disengagement syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Investigation, 62(1), 22-31.

Polanczyk, G., De Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. American journal of psychiatry, 164(6), 942-948.

Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., & Barbosa, F. (2018). ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors. Research in developmental disabilities, 82, 10-19.

Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Luebbe, A. M., Dvorsky, M. R., & Flannery, A. J. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with academic functioning and internalizing symptoms in college students with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 388-403.

Willcutt, E. G., Chhabildas, N., Kinnear, M., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., Leopold, D. R., ... & Pennington, B. F. (2014). The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and its relation with DSM–IV ADHD. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 21-35.

Becker, S. P. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome: A construct at the crossroads. American Psychologist.

American Psychiatric Association. (2025). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Mikami, A. Y., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Pfiffner, L. J., McBurnett, K., & Hangai, D. (2007). Social skills differences among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder types in a chat room assessment task. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 35(4), 509-521.

Marshall, S. A., Evans, S. W., Eiraldi, R. B., Becker, S. P., & Power, T. J. (2014). Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominately inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(1), 77-90.

Becker, S. P., & Barkley, R. A. (2018). Sluggish cognitive tempo. Oxford textbook of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 13, 147-153.

Leopold, D. R., Christopher, M. E., Burns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Olson, R. K., & Willcutt, E. G. (2016). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo throughout childhood: Temporal invariance and stability from preschool through ninth grade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(9), 1066-1074.

Rondon, A. T., Hilton, D. C., Jarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020). Sleep, internalizing problems, and social withdrawal: Unique associations in clinic-referred youth with elevated sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. Journal of attention disorders, 24(4), 524-534.

Becker, S. P., Garner, A. A., Tamm, L., Antonini, T. N., & Epstein, J. N. (2019). Honing in on the social difficulties associated with sluggish cognitive tempo in children: Withdrawal, peer ignoring, and low engagement. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 228-237.

Becker, S. P., Vaughn, A. J., Zoromski, A. K., Burns, G. L., Mikami, A. Y., Fredrick, J. W., ... & Tamm, L. (2025). A multi-method examination of peer functioning in children with and without cognitive disengagement syndrome. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 54(3), 389-404.

Bauermeister, J. J., Barkley, R. A., Bauermeister, J. A., Martínez, J. V., & McBurnett, K. (2012). Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: Neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(5), 683-697.

Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Burns, G. L., Mossing, K. W., Schmitt, A. P., Fershtman, C. E., ... & Tamm, L. (2022). Academic functioning in children with and without sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of School Psychology, 95, 105-120.

Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Konofal, E., & Lecendreux, M. (2009). Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 894-908.

Fredrick, J. W., Yeaman, K. M., Yu, X., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2022). A multi‐method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(12), 1658-1667.

Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Calhoun, S. L. (2021). Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems in elementary school children. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 7(4), 182-191.

Smith, Z. R., Eadeh, H. M., Breaux, R. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2019). Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment, 31(3), 365.

Langberg, J. M., Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., & Luebbe, A. M. (2014). Are sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs?. Psychological assessment, 26(2), 586.

Araujo Jiménez, E. A., Jané Ballabriga, M. C., Bonillo Martin, A., Arrufat, F. J., & Serra Giacobo, R. (2015). Executive functioning in children and adolescents with symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(6), 507-514.

Barkley, R. A., Willcutt, E., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022). What is the cognitive deficit in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)? A review of neuropsychological research. The ADHD Report, 30(2), 1-10.

Wåhlstedt, C., & Bohlin, G. (2010). DSM-IV-defined inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo: Independent and interactive relations to neuropsychological factors and comorbidity. Child Neuropsychology, 16(4), 350-365.

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Mayes, S. D., Becker, S. P., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome and autism traits are empirically distinct from each other and from other psychopathology dimensions. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 53(2), 151-161.

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Duncan, A., Tamm, L., Birnschein, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2019). Clinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(6), 1354-1362.

Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., & Calhoun, S. L. (2025). Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS)(formerly sluggish cognitive tempo), autism, and insomnia symptoms in childhood predict CDS in adolescence: A longitudinal population-based study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 56(2), 369-378.

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Becker, S. P., Withrow, A. R., Stoppelbein, L., Luebbe, A. M., Fite, P. J., & Greening, L. (2016). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with suicide risk in psychiatrically hospitalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(12), 1390-1399.

Scaini, S., Medda, E., Battaglia, M., De Giuli, G., Stazi, M. A., D’Ippolito, C., & Fagnani, C. (2023). A twin study of the relationships between cognitive disengagement syndrome and anxiety phenotypes in childhood and adolescence. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(7), 949-960.

Callan, P. D., Shepler, D. K., Justice, M. D., & Oliver, C. E. (2020). Correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo among clinic-referred youth: Expanding awareness of somatic symptoms and stress in the clinical picture. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 6(3), 143-158.

Becker, S. P., Garner, A. A., & Byars, K. C. (2016). Sluggish cognitive tempo in children referred to a pediatric Sleep Disorders Center: Examining possible overlap with sleep problems and associations with impairment. Journal of psychiatric research, 77, 116-124.

O'Hare, K., White, N., Harding, R., Galland, B., Sellbom, M., Shine, B., & Schaughency, E. (2021). Sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness mediate relationships between sleep and academic performance. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 637-647.

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Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., Tilford, A. A., Tischner, C. M., Isaacson, P. A., ... & Beebe, D. W. (2019). Shortened sleep duration causes sleepiness, inattention, and oppositionality in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Findings from a crossover sleep restriction/extension study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(4), 433-442.

Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2021). Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems and impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(2), 518-530.