Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Çevresel Etkenler

Cabral, M., Liu, S., &Soares, N. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Transl Pediatr, 9(Suppl 1): S104–S113. https:// doi. org/ 10. 21037/ tp. 2019. 09. 08

Faraone, S.V., & Larsson H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 24(4):562–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0.

Bitsko, R.H., Holbrook, J.R., O’Masta, B., Maher, B., Cerles, A., Saadeh, K.,… Mahmooth, Z.,…(2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of prenatal, birth, and postnatal factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prev Sci, 25(Suppl 2):203-224. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11121-022-01359-3.

Kim, J.H., Kim, J.Y., &Lee, J. (2020). Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. Lancet Psychiatry, 7: 955–970. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S2215-0366(20)30312-6

Huang, L., Wang, Y., &Zhang, L.(2018). Maternal smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141: e20172465.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2465.

Biederman, J., Petty, C.R., Bhide, P.G., Woodworth, K.Y, &Faraone, S. (2012). Does exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the clinical features of ADHD? Results from a controlled study. World J Biol Psychiatry, 13(1): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.3109 /15622975.2011.562243.

Skoglund, C., Chen, Q., Lichtenstein, P., &Larsson, H. (2014). Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 55: 61-68.https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12124.

Gustavson, K., Ystrom, E., Stoltenberg, C., Susser, E., Surén, P., Magnus, P.,…Reichborn-Kjennerud, T.(2017). Smoking in pregnancy and child ADHD. Pediatrics, 139:e20162509. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2509.

Biederman, J., Fitzgerald, M., Spencer, T.J., Bhide, P.G., McCarthy, D.M., Woodworth, K.Y.,…Faraone, S.V. (2020). Is paternal smoking at conception a risk for ADHD? a controlled study in youth with and without ADHD. J Atten Disord, 24(11): 1493-1496. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1087054717690809.

Silva, D., Colvin, L., Hagemann, E., &Bower, C. (2014). Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 133(1) :e14–22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1434.

Zhu, J.L., Olsen, J., Liew, Z., Li, J., Niclasen, J., &Obel, C. (2014) Parental smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in children: the Danish national birth cohort. Pediatrics, 134: e382-e388. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0213.

Obel, C., Zhu, J.L., Olsen, J., Breining, S., Li, J., Gronborg T.K.,…Rutter M.(2016). The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy—a re-examination using a sibling design. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 57: 532–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12478.

Thapar, A., &Rice, F. (2020). Family-based designs that disentangle inherited factors from pre-and postnatal environmental exposures: in vitro fertilization, discordant sibling pairs, maternal versus paternal comparisons, and adoption designs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect, 11(3): a038877. https://doi.org/10.1101/ cshperspect.a038877.

Thakur, G.A., Sengupta, S.M., Grizenko, N., Schmitz, N., Pagé, V., &Joober, R. (2013). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD: a comprehensive clinical and neurocognitive characterization. NicotineTob Res, 15(1): 149–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts102.

Sengupta, S.M., Fortier, M.È., Thakur, G.A., Bhat, V., Grizenko, N., &Joober, R. (2015). Parental psychopathology in families of children with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder and exposed tomaternal smoking during pregnancy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56(2): 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12286.

Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K., &Ji, J. (2014). Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among individuals with a family history of alcohol use disorders. ELife, 9:3:e02917. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02917

Choi, I., Kim, P., Joo, S.H., Kim, M.K., Park, J.H., Kim, H.J.,…Shin, C.Y. (2012). Effects of Preconceptional Ethanol Consumption on ADHD-Like Symptoms in Sprague-Dawley Rat Offsprings. Biomol Ther, 20: 226–233.https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.2.226

Thompson, J.M., Waldie, K.E., Wall, C.R., Murphy, R., Mitchell, E.A, &Group, A.S. (2014). Associations between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms measured at ages 7 and 11 years. PLoS One, 9: e108210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108210

Gou, X., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Ou, Y., Tang, J. Shi, J.,…Mu, D. (2019). Association of maternal prenatal acetaminophen use with the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 53: 195–206. https://doi.org/ doi: 10.1177/0004867418823276halm

Ystrom, E., Gustavson, K., Brandlistuen, R.E., Knudsen, G.P., Magnus, P., Susser, E.,…Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2017). Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and risk of ADHD. Pediatrics, 140(5): e20163840. https://doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.2016-3840.

Clements, C.C., Castro, V.M., Blumenthal, S.R., Rosenfield, H.R., Murphy, S.N., Fava, M.,…. Perlis, R.H. (2015). Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system. Mol Psychiatry, 20(6):727–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.90.

Laugesen, K., Olsen, M.S., Andersen, A.B.T., Frøslev, T., &Sørensen, H.T. (2013). In utero exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide Danish cohort study. BMJ Open, 3(9): e003507. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003507.

Halmøy, A., Klungsøyr, K., Skjærven, R., &Haavik, J. (2012). Pre- and perinatal risk factors in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 71(5): 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.013

Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., D’Onofrio, BM., Almqvist, C., Kuja-halkola, R., Sjölander, A., &Larsson, H. (2014). Maternal age at childbirth and risk for ADHD in offspring: a population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol, 43(6): 1815–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu204

Park, S., Cho, S-C., Kim, J-W., Shin, M-S., Yoo, H-J., Oh, S.M.,…Kim, B-N. (2014). Differential perinatal risk factors in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder by subtype. Psychiatry Res, 219(3): 609–616. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.036

Böhm, S., Curran, E.A., Kenny, L.C., O’Keeffe, G.W., Murray, D., & Khashan, A.S. (2019). The effect of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on the risk of ADHD in the offspring. J Atten Disord, 3(7):692-701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717690230.

Rätsep, M.T., Paolozza, A., Hickman, A.F., Maser, B., Kay, V.R., Mohammad, S.,…Fockert, N.D. (2016). Brain structural and vascular anatomy is altered in offspring of pre-eclamptic pregnancies: a pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 37(5): 939–45. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4640.

Nomura, Y., John, R.M., Janssen, A.B., Davey C., Finik, J., Buthman, J.,…Lambertini, L. (2017). Neurodevelopmental consequences in offspring of mothers with preeclampsia during pregnancy: underlying biological mechanism via imprinting genes. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 295(6): 1319–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4347-3.

Stergiakouli, E., Smith, G.D., Martin, J., Skuse, D.H., Viechtbauer, W., Ring, S.M., …. Pourcain, B.T.. (2017). Shared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development. Mol Autism, 8: 18. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0131-2

Fusar-Poli, P., Solmi, M., Brondino, N., Davies, C., Chae, C., Politi, P.,…McGuire, P. (2019). Transdiagnostic psychiatry: a systematic review. World Psychiatry, 18: 192–207. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/wps.20631

Babenko, O., Kovalchuk, I., &Metz, G.A. (2015). Stress-Induced Perinatal and Transgenerational Epigenetic Programming of Brain Development and Mental Health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 48: 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.

Getahun, D., Rhoads, G.G., Demissie, K., Lu, S.E., Quinn, V.P, Fassett MJ, … Jacobsen, S.J. (2013). In utero exposure to ischemic-hypoxic conditions and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 131(1): e53 61. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1298.

Giannopoulou, I., Pagida, M.A., Briana, D.D., &Panayotacopoulou, M.T. (2018). Perinatal hypoxia as a risk factor for psychopathology later in life: The role of dopamine and neurotrophins. Hormones (Athens), 17(1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0007-7.

Fuertes, E., Standl, M., Forns, J., Berdel, D., Garcia-Aymerich, J., Markevych, I.,… Heinrich, J. (2016). Traffic-related air pollution and hyperactivity/inattention, dyslexia and dyscalculia in adolescents of the German GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts. Environ Int, 97: 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.017

Rock, K.D., &Patisaul, H.B. (2018). Environmental mechanisms of neurodevelopmental toxicity. Curr Environ Health Rep, 5(1): 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572- 018-0185-0.

Aghaei, M., Janjani, H., Yousefian, F., Jamal, A., &Yunesian, M. (2019). Association between ambient gaseous and particulate air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: a systematic review. Environ Res, 173: 135–156. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. envres. 2019. 03. 030

Myhre O, Lag M, Villanger GD, Oftedal B, Ovrevik J, Holme JA.,,,Dirven, H. (2018.) Early life exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) as risk factor for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): need for novel strategies for mechanisms and causalities. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 354: 196–214. https://doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. taap. 2018. 03. 015

Castagna, A., Mascheroni, E., Fustinoni, S., &Montirosso, R. (2022). Air pollution and neurodevelopmental skills in preschool- and school-aged children: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 136: 104623 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104623.

Ha, S. (2021). Air pollution and neurological development in children. Dev Med Child Neurol, 63(4): 374–381. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ dmcn. 14758

Donzelli, G., Carducci, A., Llopis-Gonzalez, A., Verani, M., Llopis-Morales, A., Cioni, L., &Morales-Su´arez-Varela, M. (2019). The association between lead and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Publ Health, 16(3): 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030382.

Gorini, F., Muratori, F., &Morales, M.A. (2014). The role of heavy metal pollution in neurobehavioral disorders: a focus on autism. Rev J Autism Dev Disord, 1(4): 354–372. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s40489- 014- 0028-3

Koszewicz, M., Markowska, K., Waliszewska-Prosol, M., Poreba, R., Gac, P., Szymanska- Chabowska.,…Budrewicz, S. (2021). The impact of chronic co-exposure to different heavy metals on small fibers of peripheral nerves. A study of metal industry workers. J Occup Med Toxicol, 16(1) :12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-021-00302-6

Nilsen, F.M., &Tulve, N.S. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the interrelationships between chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics in children with ADHD. Environ Res, 180: 108884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108884

Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Yokoyama, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S.,…Kawashima, R. (2021). Lead exposure is associated with functional and microstructural changes in the healthy human brain. Commun. Biol, 4(1): 912. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02435- 0.

Wang, T., Zhang, J., &Xu, Y. (2020). Epigenetic Basis of Lead-Induced Neurological Disorders. Int. J Environ Res Public Health, 17(13): 4878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134878.

Munoz, M.P.; Rubilar, P.; Valdes, M.; Munoz-Quezada, M.T.; Gomez, A.; Saavedra, M., &Iglesias, V. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its association with heavy metals in children from northern Chile. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 226: 113483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113483.

Dalla, M.D.B., Ayala, C.O., Castro, F.C.D.A.Q., Neto, F.K., Zanirati, G., Canon-Montanez, W., &Mattiello, R. (2022). Environmental pollution and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Pollut, 15:315:120351. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. envpol. 2022.

Barry, M.J., Almotawah, F., Pani, S.C., &Ingle, N.A., (2020). A Comparison of Salivary Mercury Levels in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder When Compared to Age-matched Controls: A Case-control Observational Study. J. Contemp Dent Pract, 21:129–132.

Schullehner, J., Thygesen, M., Kristiansen, S.M., Hansen, B., Pedersen, C.B., & Dalsgaard, S. (2020). Exposure to Manganese in Drinking Water during Childhood and Association with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Environ. Health Perspect, 128: 97004. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6391

Liu, W., Huo, X., Liu, D., Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., &Xu, X. (2014). S100beta in heavy metal-related child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an informal e-waste recycling area. Neurotoxicology, 45: 185–191. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.013.

Sanders, A.P., Claus Henn, B., &Wright, R.O. (2015). Perinatal and Childhood Exposure to Cadmium, Manganese, and Metal Mixtures and Effects on Cognition and Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Curr Environ Health Rep, 2(3): 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0058-8.

Kim, W., Jang, Y., Lim, Y.H., Kim, B.N., Shin, C.H., Lee, Y.A.,….Hong, Y.C. (2020). The Effect of Prenatal Cadmium Exposure on Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in 6-Year-old Children in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health, 53(1): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.175.

Li, Y., Cha, C., Lv, X., Liu, J., He, J., Pang, Q.,…Fan, R. (2020). Association between 10 urinary heavy metal exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for children. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 27(25): 31233–31242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09421-9.

Skalny, A.V., Mazaletskaya, A.L., Ajsuvakova, O.P., Bjorklund, G., Skalnaya, M.G., Chao, J.C.,…Tinkow, A.A. (2020). Serum zinc, copper, zinc-to-copper ratio, and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Trace Elem Med Biol, 58: 126445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126445.

Luo, J., Mo, Y., &Liu, M. (2020) Blood and hair zinc levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr, 47: 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.023.

Cheslack-Postava, K. Rantakokko, P., Kiviranta, H., Hinkka-Yli-Salomaki, S., Surcel, H.M., Vivio, N.,…Brown, A.S. (2022). Maternal serum persistent organic pollutant exposure and offspring diagnosed ADHD in a national birth cohort. Environ Res, 212: 113145. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. envres. 2022.

Naughton SX., &Terry Jr, A.V. (2018). Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology, 408: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011

Johansson, J., Landgren, M., Fernell, E., Lewander, T., &Venizelos, N. (2013). Decreased binding capacity (B max) of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in fibroblasts from boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atten Defic Hyperact Disord, 5(3): 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-013-0103-0

Rivollier, F., Krebs, M.O., &Kebir, O. (2019). Perinatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors in the emergence of neurodevelopmental psychiatric diseases: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16: 1318. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ ijerp h1608 1318

Forns, J., Verner, M.A., Iszatt, N., Nowack, N., Bach, C.C., Vrijheid, M.,…Eggesso, M. (2020). Early life exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and ADHD: a meta-analysis of nine European population-based studies. Environ Health Perspect, 128(5): 057002. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1289/ EHP54 4

Lam, J., Lanphear, B.P., Bellinger, D., Axelrad, D.A., McPartland, J., Sutton, P.,… Woodruff, T.J. (2017). Developmental PBDE exposure and IQ/ADHD in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 125(8): 086001. https://d oi.o rg/1 0.1289/E HP1632

Qu, A., Cao. T., Li, Z., Wang, W., Liu, R., Wang, X.,…Zhang, X.(2021). The association between maternal perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and early attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(47): 67066–67081. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s11356- 021- 15136-2

Praveena, S.M., Munisvaradass, R., Masiran, R., Rajendran, R.K., Lin, C.C., &Kumar, S. (2020). Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review of epidemiological literature. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 27: 44757– 44770. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s11356- 020- 10652-z

Petersen, J.H., &Jensen, L.K. (2016). Phthalates in soft PVC products used in food production equipment and in other food contact materials on the Danish and the Nordic Market 2013-2014. Int J Food Contam, 3(1): 3. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s40550- 016- 0026-6

Lucaccioni, L., Trevisani, V., Passini, E., Righi, B., Plessi, C., Predieri, B., & Iughetti, L. (2021). Perinatal exposure to phthalates: from endocrine to neurodevelopmental effects. Int J Mol Sci, 22: 4063. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ ijms2 20840 63

Peterson, B.S., Bansal, R., Sawardekar, S., Nati, C., Elgabalawy, E.R., Hoepner, L.A.,…Rauh, V. (2022). Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered brain structure, function, and metabolism in childhood. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 63(11): 1316-1331.https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcpp.13578.

Zhang, M., Wang, C., Zhang, X., Song, H., &Li, Y. (2022). Association between exposure to air pollutants and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res, 32: 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1745764.

Danielson, M.L., Bitsko, R.H., Ghandour, R.M., Holbrook, J.R., Kogan, M.D. & Blumberg, S.J. (2018). Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. children and adolescents,2016. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 47(2): 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860

Østergaard, S.D., Larsen. J.T., Dalsgaard, S., Wilens, T.E., Mortensen, P.B., Agerbo, E…. Petersen, L. (2016). Predicting ADHD by assessment or’s indicators of adversity in infancy. PLoS ONE, 11(6): e0157352. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157352.

Keilow, M., Wu, C., & Obel, C. (2020). Cumulative social disadvantage and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Results from a nationwide cohort study. SSM Popul Health, 10: 100548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100548

Keown, L.J. (2012). Predictors of boys’ ADHD symptoms from early to middle childhood: the role of father–child and mother–child interactions. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 40(4): 569-581. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10802-011-9586-3.

Gul, H., &Gurkan, C.K. (2018). Child maltreatment and associated parental factors among children with ADHD: a comparative study. J Atten Disord, 22(13): 1278-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716658123.

Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Croft, C., Murin, M., Colvert, E., Beckett, C. Mahte, M.A.,…Sonuga-Barke, E. (2007) Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non‐deprived adoptees. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 48(12): 1200-1207.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01792.x.

Cabral, M., Liu, S., &Soares, N. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Transl Pediatr, 9(Suppl 1): S104–S113. https:// doi. org/ 10. 21037/ tp. 2019. 09. 08

Faraone, S.V., & Larsson H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 24(4):562–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0.

Bitsko, R.H., Holbrook, J.R., O’Masta, B., Maher, B., Cerles, A., Saadeh, K.,… Mahmooth, Z.,…(2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of prenatal, birth, and postnatal factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prev Sci, 25(Suppl 2):203-224. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11121-022-01359-3.

Kim, J.H., Kim, J.Y., &Lee, J. (2020). Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. Lancet Psychiatry, 7: 955–970. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S2215-0366(20)30312-6

Huang, L., Wang, Y., &Zhang, L.(2018). Maternal smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141: e20172465.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2465.

Biederman, J., Petty, C.R., Bhide, P.G., Woodworth, K.Y, &Faraone, S. (2012). Does exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the clinical features of ADHD? Results from a controlled study. World J Biol Psychiatry, 13(1): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.3109 /15622975.2011.562243.

Skoglund, C., Chen, Q., Lichtenstein, P., &Larsson, H. (2014). Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 55: 61-68.https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12124.

Gustavson, K., Ystrom, E., Stoltenberg, C., Susser, E., Surén, P., Magnus, P.,…Reichborn-Kjennerud, T.(2017). Smoking in pregnancy and child ADHD. Pediatrics, 139:e20162509. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2509.

Biederman, J., Fitzgerald, M., Spencer, T.J., Bhide, P.G., McCarthy, D.M., Woodworth, K.Y.,…Faraone, S.V. (2020). Is paternal smoking at conception a risk for ADHD? a controlled study in youth with and without ADHD. J Atten Disord, 24(11): 1493-1496. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1087054717690809.

Silva, D., Colvin, L., Hagemann, E., &Bower, C. (2014). Environmental risk factors by gender associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 133(1) :e14–22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1434.

Zhu, J.L., Olsen, J., Liew, Z., Li, J., Niclasen, J., &Obel, C. (2014) Parental smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in children: the Danish national birth cohort. Pediatrics, 134: e382-e388. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0213.

Obel, C., Zhu, J.L., Olsen, J., Breining, S., Li, J., Gronborg T.K.,…Rutter M.(2016). The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy—a re-examination using a sibling design. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 57: 532–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12478.

Thapar, A., &Rice, F. (2020). Family-based designs that disentangle inherited factors from pre-and postnatal environmental exposures: in vitro fertilization, discordant sibling pairs, maternal versus paternal comparisons, and adoption designs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect, 11(3): a038877. https://doi.org/10.1101/ cshperspect.a038877.

Thakur, G.A., Sengupta, S.M., Grizenko, N., Schmitz, N., Pagé, V., &Joober, R. (2013). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD: a comprehensive clinical and neurocognitive characterization. NicotineTob Res, 15(1): 149–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts102.

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