Çocuklarda Dental Kaygının Yönetiminde Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi

Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007; 17:391–406.

Crego A, Carrillo-Díaz M, Armfield JM, Romero M. From public mental health to community oral health: the impact of dental anxiety and fear on dental status. Front Public Health. 2014; 2:16.

Goetz K, Schuldei R, Steinhäuser J. Working conditions, job satisfaction and challenging encounters in dentistry: a cross-sectional study. Int Dent J. 2019; 69:44–49.

Berge M ten, Veerkamp JSJ, Hoogstraten J, Prins PJM. The dental subscale of the children’s fear survey schedule: predictive value and clinical usefulness. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2002; 24:115–18.

Armfield JM, Stewart JF, Spencer AJ. The vicious cycle of dental fear: exploring the interplay between oral health, service utilization and dental fear. BMC Oral Health. 2007; 7:1–15.

Roberts JF, Curzon MEJ, Koch G, Martens LC. Behaviour management techniques in paediatric dentistry. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2010; 11:166–74.

Porritt J, Marshman Z, Rodd HD. Understanding children’s dental anxiety and psychological approaches to its reduction. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012; 22:397–405.

Haukebø K, Skaret E, Öst L-G, Raadal M, Berg E, Sundberg H, et al.. One-vs. five-session treatment of dental phobia: a randomized controlled study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008; 39:381–90.

Koch G, Poulsen S, Espelid I, Haubek D. Pediatric dentistry: a clinical approach. John Wiley & Sons. 2017.

Klingberg G, Sillén R, Norén JG. Machine learning methods applied on dental fear and behavior management problems in children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999; 57:207–15.

Aartman IHA, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AHB. Appraisal of behavioral measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: A review. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1996; 18:153–71.

Moore R, Brødsgaard I. Dentists’ perceived stress and its relation to perceptions about anxious patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001; 29:73–80.

Mağat G. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastaların dental kaygı düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Selcuk Dental Journal. 2018; 5:246–52.

Tuğba S, Oba AA, Arıkan V, Şahin ND. 7-15 yaş arası çocuklarda dental kaygı sıklığı ve ebeveynlerin kaygı ile ilişkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi. 2020; 8:36–45.

Buldur B, Armfield JM. Development of the Turkish version of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+): Dental anxiety and concomitant factors in pediatric dental patients. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2018; 42:279–86.

Kakkar M, Wahi A, Thakkar R, Vohra I, Shukla AK. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 10-14 years old children and its implications. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 16:199–202.

Bayrak Ş, Tunç EŞ, Eğilmez T, Tüloğlu N. Ebeveyn dental kaygısı ve sosyodemografik faktörlerin çocukların dental kaygısı üzerine etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010; 2010:181–88.

Peretz B, Kharouba J. Dental anxiety among Israeli children and adolescents in a dental clinic waiting room. Pediatr Dent. 2013; 35:252–56.

Schuller AA, Willumsen T, Holst D. Are there differences in oral health and oral health behavior between individuals with high and low dental fear? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003; 31:116–21.

Neverlien PO. Assessment of a single-item dental anxiety question. Acta Odontol Scand. 1990; 48:365–69.

Cinar AB, Murtomaa H. A comparison of psychosocial factors related to dental anxiety among Turkish and Finnish pre-adolescents. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007; 5.

Rantavuori K, Zerman N, Ferro R, Lahti S. Relationship between children’s first dental visit and their dental anxiety in the Veneto Region of Italy. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002; 60:297–300.

Rayen R, Muthu MS, Rao CR, Sivakumar N. Evaluation of physiological and behavioral measures in relation to dental anxiety during sequential dental visits in children. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2006; 17:27.

AI LR. Objective and subjective measures for assessing anxiety in paediatric dental patients. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2011; 12:239–44.

Rice VH. Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice. Sage Publications. 2011.

Klingberg G. Dental fear and behavior management problems in children. A study of measurement, prevalence, concomitant factors, and clinical effects. Swed Dent J Suppl. 1995; 103:1–78.

Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Self-report measurements of dental anxiety and fear in children: a critical assessment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998; 65:252–58.

Frankl SN, FR S. Fogels HR. Should the parent remain in the operatory. J Dent Child. 1962; 29:150–63.

Venham LL. The effect of mother’s presence of child’s response to dental treatment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1979; 46:219–25.

Bansal N, Saha S, Jaiswal JN, Samadi F. Pain elimination during injection with newer electronic devices: A comparative evaluation in children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2014; 7:71.

Corah NL. Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Dent Res. 1969; 48:596.

Seydaoğlu G, Doğan MC, Şükrü U, İnanç BY, Çelik M. Corah dental kaygı skalasının Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik-güvenilirliği ve dental kaygı görülme sıklığı. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2006; 7:7–14.

Humphris GM, Morrison T, Lindsay SJE. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dent Health. 1995.

Seydaoğlu G, Doğan M, Uğuz S, Inanç B, Diler R. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of" Dental Subscale of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule" and the Frequency and Risk Factors of Dental Fear in Children. J Ege Univ Fac Dent. 2006; 27:31–38.

Cuthbert MI. A screening device: children at risk for dental fears and management problems. J Dent Child. 1982; 49:432–36.

Armfield JM. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+). Psychol Assess. 2010; 22:279.

Foster RL, Park J. An integrative review of literature examining psychometric properties of instruments measuring anxiety or fear in hospitalized children. Pain Management Nursing. 2012; 13:94–106.

Boyle CA, Newton T, Milgrom P. Who is referred for sedation for dentistry and why? Br Dent J. 2009; 206: E12–E12.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40:254–67.

Kebriaee F, Sarraf Shirazi A, Fani K, Moharreri F, Soltanifar A, Khaksar Y, et al.. Comparison of the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy and inhalation sedation on child dental anxiety. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2015; 16:173–79.

Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, Middleton H, Anastasiades P, Gelder M. A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994; 164:759–69.

Karst M, Winterhalter M, Münte S, Francki B, Hondronikos A, Eckardt A, et al.. Auricular acupuncture for dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2007; 104:295–300.

Kuhad A. Using nonpharmaceutical therapies to reduce dental anxiety. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2019; 31.

Facco E, Zanette G, Casiglia E. The role of hypnotherapy in dentistry. SAAD Dig. 2014; 30:3–6.

Özdel K. Dünden bugüne bilişsel davranışçı terapiler: teori ve uygulama. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2015; 8:10–20.

Özcan Ö, Çelik GG. Bilişsel davranışçı terapi. Türkiye Klinikleri. 2017; 3:115–20.

Bassi GS, Humphris GM, Longman LP. The etiology and management of gagging: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 2004; 91:459–67.

Gomes HS, Viana KA, Batista AC, Costa LR, Hosey MT, Newton T. Cognitive behaviour therapy for anxious paediatric dental patients: a systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28:422–31.

İlgar MZ, İlgar SC. Bilişsel davranış değiştirme ve motivasyonel görüşme. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama. 2019; 15:47–73.

Kendall PC. Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. Guilford Press. 2011.

Süler M. Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilişsel davranışçı terapi uygulamaları: bir gözden geçirme. Çocuk ve Medeniyet. 2017; 2:29–42.

Tekinsav-Sütçü GS. Ergenlerde öfke ve saldırganlığı azaltmaya yönelik bilişsel davranışçı bir müdahale programının etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir. 2006.

Kelman E, Wheeler S. Cognitive behaviour therapy with children who stutter. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 193:165–74.

Türkçapar MH, Sungur MZ, Akdemir A. Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilişsel terapiler. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi. 1995; 2:93–100.

Stallard P. Think good, feel good: A cognitive behavioural therapy workbook for children and young people. John Wiley & Sons. 2019.

Eisen AR, Silverman WK. Should I relax or change my thoughts? A preliminary examination of cognitive therapy, relaxation training, and their combination with overanxious children. J Cogn Psychother. 1993; 7:265–79.

Albano AM, Kendall PC. Cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: Clinical research advances. International Review of Psychiatry. 2002; 14:129–34.

Dhaliwal JK, Alzyood M, Al Rawashdeh R. A systematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence from randomised controlled trials. the impact of behaviour guidance techniques on dental anxiety in paediatric patients. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:1690.

Shahnavaz S, Hedman E, Grindefjord M, Reuterskiöld L, Dahllöf G. Cognitive behavioral therapy for children with dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016; 1:234–43.

Marks IM, Cavanagh K, Gega L. Computer-aided psychotherapy: revolution or bubble? The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 191:471–73.

Vigerland S, Lenhard F, Bonnert M, Lalouni M, Hedman E, Ahlen J, et al.. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016; 50:1–10.

Vigerland S, Ljótsson B, Thulin U, Öst L-G, Andersson G, Serlachius E. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety disorders: A randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2016; 76:47–56.

Shahnavaz S, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Hasselblad T, Reuterskiöld L, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with dental anxiety: open trial. J Med Internet Res. 2018; 20:e7803.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia. Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e42322.

Porritt J, Rodd H, Morgan A, Williams C, Gupta E, Kirby J, et al.. Development and testing of a cognitive behavioral therapy resource for children’s dental anxiety. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2017; 2:23–37.

James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020.

Berge KG, Agdal ML, Vika M, Skeie MS. Treatment of intra-oral injection phobia: a randomized delayed intervention controlled trial among Norwegian 10-to 16-year-olds. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017; 75:294–301.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia. 1-year Follow-Up Assessment. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2025;8:e80376.

Wolf TG, Schläppi S, Benz CI, Campus G. Efficacy of Hypnosis on Dental Anxiety and Phobia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci. 2022; 12:521.

Ateş A. Bilişsel davranışçı terapi ile dental fobi olgu çalışması. International Journal of New Trends in Arts, Sports & Science Education (IJTASE). 2019;8(2):58–66

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior Guidance for the Pediatric Dental Patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2025. Available from: AAPD Best Practices.

NHS England. Clinical guide for dental anxiety management. 2023. Section: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and mental health complexities.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e42322.

Csirmaz L, Nagy T, Vikor F, Kasos K, et al.. Cognitive Behavioral Digital Interventions are Effective in Reducing Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Prev. 2024; 45:237–267.

Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007; 17:391–406.

Crego A, Carrillo-Díaz M, Armfield JM, Romero M. From public mental health to community oral health: the impact of dental anxiety and fear on dental status. Front Public Health. 2014; 2:16.

Goetz K, Schuldei R, Steinhäuser J. Working conditions, job satisfaction and challenging encounters in dentistry: a cross-sectional study. Int Dent J. 2019; 69:44–49.

Berge M ten, Veerkamp JSJ, Hoogstraten J, Prins PJM. The dental subscale of the children’s fear survey schedule: predictive value and clinical usefulness. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2002; 24:115–18.

Armfield JM, Stewart JF, Spencer AJ. The vicious cycle of dental fear: exploring the interplay between oral health, service utilization and dental fear. BMC Oral Health. 2007; 7:1–15.

Roberts JF, Curzon MEJ, Koch G, Martens LC. Behaviour management techniques in paediatric dentistry. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2010; 11:166–74.

Porritt J, Marshman Z, Rodd HD. Understanding children’s dental anxiety and psychological approaches to its reduction. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012; 22:397–405.

Haukebø K, Skaret E, Öst L-G, Raadal M, Berg E, Sundberg H, et al.. One-vs. five-session treatment of dental phobia: a randomized controlled study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008; 39:381–90.

Koch G, Poulsen S, Espelid I, Haubek D. Pediatric dentistry: a clinical approach. John Wiley & Sons. 2017.

Klingberg G, Sillén R, Norén JG. Machine learning methods applied on dental fear and behavior management problems in children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999; 57:207–15.

Aartman IHA, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AHB. Appraisal of behavioral measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: A review. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1996; 18:153–71.

Moore R, Brødsgaard I. Dentists’ perceived stress and its relation to perceptions about anxious patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001; 29:73–80.

Mağat G. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastaların dental kaygı düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Selcuk Dental Journal. 2018; 5:246–52.

Tuğba S, Oba AA, Arıkan V, Şahin ND. 7-15 yaş arası çocuklarda dental kaygı sıklığı ve ebeveynlerin kaygı ile ilişkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi. 2020; 8:36–45.

Buldur B, Armfield JM. Development of the Turkish version of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+): Dental anxiety and concomitant factors in pediatric dental patients. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2018; 42:279–86.

Kakkar M, Wahi A, Thakkar R, Vohra I, Shukla AK. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 10-14 years old children and its implications. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 16:199–202.

Bayrak Ş, Tunç EŞ, Eğilmez T, Tüloğlu N. Ebeveyn dental kaygısı ve sosyodemografik faktörlerin çocukların dental kaygısı üzerine etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010; 2010:181–88.

Peretz B, Kharouba J. Dental anxiety among Israeli children and adolescents in a dental clinic waiting room. Pediatr Dent. 2013; 35:252–56.

Schuller AA, Willumsen T, Holst D. Are there differences in oral health and oral health behavior between individuals with high and low dental fear? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003; 31:116–21.

Neverlien PO. Assessment of a single-item dental anxiety question. Acta Odontol Scand. 1990; 48:365–69.

Cinar AB, Murtomaa H. A comparison of psychosocial factors related to dental anxiety among Turkish and Finnish pre-adolescents. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007; 5.

Rantavuori K, Zerman N, Ferro R, Lahti S. Relationship between children’s first dental visit and their dental anxiety in the Veneto Region of Italy. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002; 60:297–300.

Rayen R, Muthu MS, Rao CR, Sivakumar N. Evaluation of physiological and behavioral measures in relation to dental anxiety during sequential dental visits in children. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2006; 17:27.

AI LR. Objective and subjective measures for assessing anxiety in paediatric dental patients. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2011; 12:239–44.

Rice VH. Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice. Sage Publications. 2011.

Klingberg G. Dental fear and behavior management problems in children. A study of measurement, prevalence, concomitant factors, and clinical effects. Swed Dent J Suppl. 1995; 103:1–78.

Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Self-report measurements of dental anxiety and fear in children: a critical assessment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998; 65:252–58.

Frankl SN, FR S. Fogels HR. Should the parent remain in the operatory. J Dent Child. 1962; 29:150–63.

Venham LL. The effect of mother’s presence of child’s response to dental treatment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1979; 46:219–25.

Bansal N, Saha S, Jaiswal JN, Samadi F. Pain elimination during injection with newer electronic devices: A comparative evaluation in children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2014; 7:71.

Corah NL. Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Dent Res. 1969; 48:596.

Seydaoğlu G, Doğan MC, Şükrü U, İnanç BY, Çelik M. Corah dental kaygı skalasının Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik-güvenilirliği ve dental kaygı görülme sıklığı. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2006; 7:7–14.

Humphris GM, Morrison T, Lindsay SJE. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community Dent Health. 1995.

Seydaoğlu G, Doğan M, Uğuz S, Inanç B, Diler R. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of" Dental Subscale of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule" and the Frequency and Risk Factors of Dental Fear in Children. J Ege Univ Fac Dent. 2006; 27:31–38.

Cuthbert MI. A screening device: children at risk for dental fears and management problems. J Dent Child. 1982; 49:432–36.

Armfield JM. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+). Psychol Assess. 2010; 22:279.

Foster RL, Park J. An integrative review of literature examining psychometric properties of instruments measuring anxiety or fear in hospitalized children. Pain Management Nursing. 2012; 13:94–106.

Boyle CA, Newton T, Milgrom P. Who is referred for sedation for dentistry and why? Br Dent J. 2009; 206: E12–E12.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40:254–67.

Kebriaee F, Sarraf Shirazi A, Fani K, Moharreri F, Soltanifar A, Khaksar Y, et al.. Comparison of the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy and inhalation sedation on child dental anxiety. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2015; 16:173–79.

Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, Middleton H, Anastasiades P, Gelder M. A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994; 164:759–69.

Karst M, Winterhalter M, Münte S, Francki B, Hondronikos A, Eckardt A, et al.. Auricular acupuncture for dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2007; 104:295–300.

Kuhad A. Using nonpharmaceutical therapies to reduce dental anxiety. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2019; 31.

Facco E, Zanette G, Casiglia E. The role of hypnotherapy in dentistry. SAAD Dig. 2014; 30:3–6.

Özdel K. Dünden bugüne bilişsel davranışçı terapiler: teori ve uygulama. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2015; 8:10–20.

Özcan Ö, Çelik GG. Bilişsel davranışçı terapi. Türkiye Klinikleri. 2017; 3:115–20.

Bassi GS, Humphris GM, Longman LP. The etiology and management of gagging: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent. 2004; 91:459–67.

Gomes HS, Viana KA, Batista AC, Costa LR, Hosey MT, Newton T. Cognitive behaviour therapy for anxious paediatric dental patients: a systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018; 28:422–31.

İlgar MZ, İlgar SC. Bilişsel davranış değiştirme ve motivasyonel görüşme. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama. 2019; 15:47–73.

Kendall PC. Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. Guilford Press. 2011.

Süler M. Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilişsel davranışçı terapi uygulamaları: bir gözden geçirme. Çocuk ve Medeniyet. 2017; 2:29–42.

Tekinsav-Sütçü GS. Ergenlerde öfke ve saldırganlığı azaltmaya yönelik bilişsel davranışçı bir müdahale programının etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir. 2006.

Kelman E, Wheeler S. Cognitive behaviour therapy with children who stutter. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 193:165–74.

Türkçapar MH, Sungur MZ, Akdemir A. Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilişsel terapiler. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi. 1995; 2:93–100.

Stallard P. Think good, feel good: A cognitive behavioural therapy workbook for children and young people. John Wiley & Sons. 2019.

Eisen AR, Silverman WK. Should I relax or change my thoughts? A preliminary examination of cognitive therapy, relaxation training, and their combination with overanxious children. J Cogn Psychother. 1993; 7:265–79.

Albano AM, Kendall PC. Cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: Clinical research advances. International Review of Psychiatry. 2002; 14:129–34.

Dhaliwal JK, Alzyood M, Al Rawashdeh R. A systematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence from randomised controlled trials. the impact of behaviour guidance techniques on dental anxiety in paediatric patients. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:1690.

Shahnavaz S, Hedman E, Grindefjord M, Reuterskiöld L, Dahllöf G. Cognitive behavioral therapy for children with dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016; 1:234–43.

Marks IM, Cavanagh K, Gega L. Computer-aided psychotherapy: revolution or bubble? The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 191:471–73.

Vigerland S, Lenhard F, Bonnert M, Lalouni M, Hedman E, Ahlen J, et al.. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016; 50:1–10.

Vigerland S, Ljótsson B, Thulin U, Öst L-G, Andersson G, Serlachius E. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety disorders: A randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2016; 76:47–56.

Shahnavaz S, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Hasselblad T, Reuterskiöld L, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with dental anxiety: open trial. J Med Internet Res. 2018; 20:e7803.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia. Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e42322.

Porritt J, Rodd H, Morgan A, Williams C, Gupta E, Kirby J, et al.. Development and testing of a cognitive behavioral therapy resource for children’s dental anxiety. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2017; 2:23–37.

James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020.

Berge KG, Agdal ML, Vika M, Skeie MS. Treatment of intra-oral injection phobia: a randomized delayed intervention controlled trial among Norwegian 10-to 16-year-olds. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017; 75:294–301.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia. 1-year Follow-Up Assessment. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2025;8:e80376.

Wolf TG, Schläppi S, Benz CI, Campus G. Efficacy of Hypnosis on Dental Anxiety and Phobia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci. 2022; 12:521.

Ateş A. Bilişsel davranışçı terapi ile dental fobi olgu çalışması. International Journal of New Trends in Arts, Sports & Science Education (IJTASE). 2019;8(2):58–66

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior Guidance for the Pediatric Dental Patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2025. Available from: AAPD Best Practices.

NHS England. Clinical guide for dental anxiety management. 2023. Section: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and mental health complexities.

Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Dental or Injection Phobia: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e42322.

Csirmaz L, Nagy T, Vikor F, Kasos K, et al.. Cognitive Behavioral Digital Interventions are Effective in Reducing Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Prev. 2024; 45:237–267.