Yüksek Dolduruculu Akışkan Kompozitlerde Biyomimetik Yaklaşımlar: Güncel Klinik Perspektifler
Özet
Estetik diş hekimliğinde restorasyonların başarısı, doğal diş dokularıyla sağlanan doğru renk uyumuna büyük ölçüde bağlıdır. Bu nedenle renk seçimi, estetik diş hekimliğinin en önemli ve aynı zamanda en zor aşamalarından biridir. Renk algısı; ışık kaynağı, nesne ve gözlemci arasındaki etkileşim sonucu oluşur ve bu üç faktördeki değişiklikler algılanan rengi doğrudan etkileyebilir. Bu bölümde estetik diş hekimliğinde renk seçiminin temel prensipleri ve diş dokularının renk özellikleri kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Renk algısının fizyolojik temelleri ile birlikte Munsell renk sistemi ve renk boyutları olan hue (renk tonu), value (parlaklık) ve kroma (doygunluk) açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca dentin ve mine dokularının optik özellikleri, translusensi, opalesans ve floresans gibi optik fenomenlerin diş renginin oluşumundaki rolü incelenmektedir. Renk seçiminde çevresel faktörler, gözlemciye bağlı değişkenler ve klinik koşulların etkileri de değerlendirilmektedir. Renk tayininde geleneksel olarak görsel yöntemler ve renk skalaları kullanılırken, günümüzde kolorimetre, spektrofotometre, dijital fotoğraf sistemleri ve intraoral tarayıcılar gibi dijital yöntemler de yaygınlaşmaktadır. Ayrıca renk haritalama (shade mapping) gibi teknikler, diş yüzeyinin farklı bölgelerindeki renk farklılıklarını analiz ederek restorasyonların daha doğal görünmesini sağlar. Sonuç olarak, estetik diş hekimliğinde ideal renk uyumu; görsel değerlendirme, dijital ölçüm teknikleri ve klinik deneyimin birlikte kullanıldığı bütüncül bir yaklaşımla elde edilmektedir.
In aesthetic dentistry, the success of restorations largely depends on achieving an accurate color match with natural tooth tissues. Therefore, color selection is one of the most important and also one of the most challenging stages of aesthetic dental treatment. Color perception results from the interaction between the light source, the object, and the observer, and variations in any of these three factors may directly influence the perceived color. This chapter comprehensively addresses the fundamental principles of color selection in aesthetic dentistry and the color characteristics of dental tissues. The physiological basis of color perception is explained together with the Munsell color system and its color dimensions, including hue, value, and chroma. In addition, the optical properties of dentin and enamel and the role of optical phenomena such as translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence in the formation of tooth color are discussed. The effects of environmental factors, observer-related variables, and clinical conditions on shade selection are also evaluated. While visual methods and shade guides have traditionally been used for color determination, digital technologies such as colorimeters, spectrophotometers, digital photography systems, and intraoral scanners are increasingly being used in clinical practice. Furthermore, techniques such as shade mapping analyze color variations across different regions of the tooth surface, contributing to more natural-looking restorations. Ultimately, ideal color matching in aesthetic dentistry is achieved through a holistic approach that integrates visual assessment, digital measurement techniques, and clinical experience.
Referanslar
Allen W. Without feathers. (No Title). 1975.
Ishikawa-Nagai S, Wang J, Seliger A, et al. Developing a custom dental porcelain shade system for computer color matching. Journal of dentistry. 2013;41:e3-e10.
Ishikawa-Nagai S, Sato R, Furakawa K, et al. Using a computer color-matching system in color reproduction of porcelain restorations. Part 1: Application of CCM to the opaque layer. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1992;5(6).
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Joiner A. Tooth colour: a review of the literature. Journal of dentistry. 2004;32:3-12.
Berns RS, Reiman DM. Color managing the third edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. Color Research & Application: Endorsed by Inter‐Society Color Council, The Colour Group (Great Britain), Canadian Society for Color, Color Science Association of Japan, Dutch Society for the Study of Color, The Swedish Colour Centre Foundation, Colour Society of Australia, Centre Français de la Couleur. 2002;27(5):360-73.
Hall JE, Hall ME, Guyton AC. Textbook of medical physiology. (No Title). 2011.
Paravina RD, Powers JM. Esthetic color training in dentistry. (No Title). 2004.
Birch J. Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 2012;29(3):313-20.
Swift EJ, Sturdevant CM, Roberson TM, et al. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Ishihara S. Tests for colour-blindness. Nippon Isho Shuppan Company; 1951.
Farnsworth D. Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test: For The Examination of Color Discrimination: Munsell color; 2011.
Munsell AH. A color notation. 7 ed. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Company; 1976.
Fondriest J. Shade matching in restorative dentistry: the science and strategies. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 2003;23(5):467-80.
Villarroel M, Fahl N, De Sousa AM, et al. Direct esthetic restorations based on translucency and opacity of composite resins. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2011;23(2):73-87.
Ten Bosch J, Coops J. Tooth color and reflectance as related to light scattering and enamel hardness. Journal of dental research. 1995;74(1):374-80.
Meyert A, Fuchs F, Günther E, et al. Translucency, opalescence and fluorescence of human teeth in relation to the storage time after extraction. Journal of Dentistry. 2025:106210.
Çobanoğlu N, Güngör FS, Abdulateef OF, et al. Effect of translucency on color stability of resin-based composites. Bezmialem Science. 2023.
Nassau K. The Physics and Chemistry of Color, 2nd Edition'. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; 2001.
Paravina RD, Pérez MM, Ghinea R. Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: A comprehensive review of clinical and research applications. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2019;31(2):103-12.
Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ open ophthalmology. 2018;3(1).
Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome (digital eye strain). Optometry in Practice. 2020;21(1):1-10.
OpenAI. Klinik renk seçimi sırasında renk algısını etkileyen çevresel faktörler ve göz yorgunluğunun şematik gösterimi. . 2025.
Ferracane JL. Resin composite—State of the art. Dental materials. 2011;27(1):29-38.
Johnson T, Patel R, Singh V. Comparative evaluation of color stability of ceramic restorative materials after exposure to staining solutions. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2025;37(2):124-31.
Agrawal V, Kapoor S. Color and shade management in esthetic dentistry. Univers Res J Dent. 2013;3(3):120-7.
Tabatabaian F, Beyabanaki E, Alirezaei P, et al. Visual and digital tooth shade selection methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision: A literature review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2021;33(8):1084-104.
Ritter AV. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry-e-book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2025.
Ebeid K, Sabet A, El Sergany O, et al. Accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral instruments on shade determination compared to visual shade selection. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2022;34(6):988-93.
Akl MA, Mansour DE, Zheng F. The role of intraoral scanners in the shade matching process: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(3):196-203.
Suganna M, Alsharifi RF, El Jammal L, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental practitioners towards anterior teeth shade matching in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30505.
Serban C, Nteroli G, Craciunescu EL, et al., editors. Methods of dental shade determination. Lasers in Dentistry XXVIII; 2022: SPIE.
Beddis HP, Nixon PJ. Layering composites for ultimate aesthetics in direct restorations. Dental update. 2012;39(9):630-6.
Mackenzie L, Parmar D, Shortall AC, et al. Direct anterior composites: a practical guide. Dental update. 2013;40(4):297-317.
Imbery TA, Killough C, Baechle MA, et al. An evaluation of factors affecting dental shade matching in first-year dental students. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2022;128(3):489-95.
Tabatabaian F, Khezri AS, Ourang SA, et al. Assessment of coverage error for two common commercial dental shade guides using a spectrophotometric method. Color Research & Application. 2022;47(2):528-36.
Jorquera GJ, Atria PJ, Galán M, et al. A comparison of ceramic crown color difference between different shade selection methods: visual, digital camera, and smartphone. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2022;128(4):784-92.
Ragain JC. A review of color science in dentistry: The process of color vision. J Dent Oral Disord Ther. 2015;3(01):1-4.
Vadher R, Parmar G, Kanodia S, et al. Basics of color in dentistry: A review. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13(9):78-85.
Dede DÖ, Sahin O, Özdemir OS, et al. Influence of the color of composite resin foundation and luting cement on the final color of lithium disilicate ceramic systems. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2017;117(1):138-43.
Turhan Bal B, Makhloota M, Köroğlu A. A Review of Color Matching in Dentistry. medical records. 2021;3(1).
Rondón LF, Ramírez R, Pecho OE. Comparison of visual shade matching and photographic shade analysis. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2022;34(2):374-82.
Al-Hadithi AM, Gholam MK. Shade matching of Omnichroma analyzed by four digital and visual shade selection techniques: an in vitro study. Dental Hypotheses. 2022;13(4):124-7.
Fahl Jr N. Step-by-step approaches for anterior direct restorative challenges. Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry-The OfficialJournal of the AACD. 2011;26(4):42.
Dietschi D, Ardu S, Krejci I. A new shading concept based on natural tooth color applied to direct composite restorations. Quintessence International (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2006;37(2):91-102.
McLaren EA, Terry DA. Photography in dentistry. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2001;29(10):735-41.
Bora Korkut, Kesimli EG. Direkt Anterior Estetik Restorasyonlar. Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar. p. 7-30.
Dietschi D. Layering concepts in anterior composite restorations. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2001;3(1).
Vanini L. Light and color in anterior composite restorations. Practical periodontics and aesthetic dentistry: PPAD. 1996;8(7):673-82; quiz 84.
Paravina RD, Westland S, Kimura M, et al. Color interaction of dental materials: blending effect of layered composites. Dental materials. 2006;22(10):903-8.
Fayed AEM, Mohamed HA, Othman HI. A Comparison between visual shade matching and digital shade analysis system using K-NN algorithm. Al-Azhar Journal of Dental Science. 2022;25(2):133-41.
Ruiz-López J, Perez MM, Lucena C, et al. Visual and instrumental coverage error of two dental shade guides: an in vivo study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022;26(9):5961-8.
Vargas M, Saisho H, Maharishi A, et al. A practical, predictable, and reliable method to select shades for direct resin composite restorations. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry. 2023;35(1):19-25.
Oliveira D. Color science and shade selection in operative dentistry: Springer; 2022.
Mahla D, Mangal S, Bhartiya A, et al. A Clinical Evaluation of Inter Observer Variability in Shade Selection by Using Conventional and Spectrophotometric Shade Matching Devices. Natl Res Denticon. 2022;11:1-96.
Shetty K, Maliabari R, Alsaedi M, et al. Comparative evaluation of shade match by using 3D master and Vitapan classical shade guides among the adult Jeddah population. Jr Coa Lif Med. 2023;11:3126-34.
Chiramana S, Uttaradi KSS, Asadi VS, et al. A comparative digital shade analysis on the color stability of two different acrylic shade tabs using various disinfectant methods-An In Vitro Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2023;14(2).
Śmielecka M, Dorocka-Bobkowska B. Comparison of two optical devices used for artificial tooth color selection. Dental and Medical Problems. 2022;59(2):249-53.
Huang M, Wang Y, Sun Y, et al. The accuracies of three intraoral scanners with regard to shade determination: An in vitro study. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(5):e111-e7.
Alsayed H, Alaqeely R, Almazrouei N, et al. Tooth shade relationship with age, gender, and skin color in a Saudi population: a cross-sectional study. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(13):6315.
Iqbal A, Ikram F, Riaz M. Prevalence of Tooth Shade and its Correlation with Skin Colour-A cross-sectional study. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 2022;16(09):68-.
Rashid F, Farook TH, Dudley J. Digital shade matching in dentistry: a systematic review. Dentistry Journal. 2023;11(11):250.
Sirintawat N, Leelaratrungruang T, Poovarodom P, et al. The accuracy and reliability of tooth shade selection using different instrumental techniques: An in vitro study. Sensors. 2021;21(22):7490.
Özden YE, Yalnız A, Bal B, et al. Effectiveness of calibrated digital photography technique in dental shade analyses applications. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022;25(3):224-9.
Kelkar KC, Dogra ES, Bhat V, et al. A comparison between visual, digital photography and polarizing filter photography for shade selection. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2020;31(5):712-7.
OpenAI. Digital Photography 2025 [Available from: https://chat.openai.com.
Fondriest J. The optical characteristics of natural teeth. Inside Dent. 2012;8:1-5.
OpenAI. Shade Mapping 2025 [Available from: https://chat.openai.com.
Coachman C, Calamita M. Digital Smile Design: A Tool for Treatment Planning and Communication in Esthetic Dentistry. Quintessence of Dental Technology (QDT). 2012;35.
Paul S, Peter A, Pietrobon N, et al. Visual and spectrophotometric shade analysis of human teeth. Journal of dental research. 2002;81(8):578-82.
Kim-Pusateri S, Brewer JD, Davis EL, et al. Reliability and accuracy of four dental shade-matching devices. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2009;101(3):193-9.
Paravina RD, Ghinea R, Herrera LJ, et al. Color difference thresholds in dentistry. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2015;27:S1-S9.
Lehmann K, Devigus A, Wentaschek S, et al. Comparison of visual shade matching and electronic color measurement device. Int J Esthet Dent. 2017;12(3).
Referanslar
Allen W. Without feathers. (No Title). 1975.
Ishikawa-Nagai S, Wang J, Seliger A, et al. Developing a custom dental porcelain shade system for computer color matching. Journal of dentistry. 2013;41:e3-e10.
Ishikawa-Nagai S, Sato R, Furakawa K, et al. Using a computer color-matching system in color reproduction of porcelain restorations. Part 1: Application of CCM to the opaque layer. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1992;5(6).
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Joiner A. Tooth colour: a review of the literature. Journal of dentistry. 2004;32:3-12.
Berns RS, Reiman DM. Color managing the third edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology. Color Research & Application: Endorsed by Inter‐Society Color Council, The Colour Group (Great Britain), Canadian Society for Color, Color Science Association of Japan, Dutch Society for the Study of Color, The Swedish Colour Centre Foundation, Colour Society of Australia, Centre Français de la Couleur. 2002;27(5):360-73.
Hall JE, Hall ME, Guyton AC. Textbook of medical physiology. (No Title). 2011.
Paravina RD, Powers JM. Esthetic color training in dentistry. (No Title). 2004.
Birch J. Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 2012;29(3):313-20.
Swift EJ, Sturdevant CM, Roberson TM, et al. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Ishihara S. Tests for colour-blindness. Nippon Isho Shuppan Company; 1951.
Farnsworth D. Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test: For The Examination of Color Discrimination: Munsell color; 2011.
Munsell AH. A color notation. 7 ed. Baltimore, MD: Munsell Color Company; 1976.
Fondriest J. Shade matching in restorative dentistry: the science and strategies. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. 2003;23(5):467-80.
Villarroel M, Fahl N, De Sousa AM, et al. Direct esthetic restorations based on translucency and opacity of composite resins. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2011;23(2):73-87.
Ten Bosch J, Coops J. Tooth color and reflectance as related to light scattering and enamel hardness. Journal of dental research. 1995;74(1):374-80.
Meyert A, Fuchs F, Günther E, et al. Translucency, opalescence and fluorescence of human teeth in relation to the storage time after extraction. Journal of Dentistry. 2025:106210.
Çobanoğlu N, Güngör FS, Abdulateef OF, et al. Effect of translucency on color stability of resin-based composites. Bezmialem Science. 2023.
Nassau K. The Physics and Chemistry of Color, 2nd Edition'. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; 2001.
Paravina RD, Pérez MM, Ghinea R. Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: A comprehensive review of clinical and research applications. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2019;31(2):103-12.
Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ open ophthalmology. 2018;3(1).
Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome (digital eye strain). Optometry in Practice. 2020;21(1):1-10.
OpenAI. Klinik renk seçimi sırasında renk algısını etkileyen çevresel faktörler ve göz yorgunluğunun şematik gösterimi. . 2025.
Ferracane JL. Resin composite—State of the art. Dental materials. 2011;27(1):29-38.
Johnson T, Patel R, Singh V. Comparative evaluation of color stability of ceramic restorative materials after exposure to staining solutions. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2025;37(2):124-31.
Agrawal V, Kapoor S. Color and shade management in esthetic dentistry. Univers Res J Dent. 2013;3(3):120-7.
Tabatabaian F, Beyabanaki E, Alirezaei P, et al. Visual and digital tooth shade selection methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision: A literature review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2021;33(8):1084-104.
Ritter AV. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry-e-book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2025.
Ebeid K, Sabet A, El Sergany O, et al. Accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral instruments on shade determination compared to visual shade selection. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2022;34(6):988-93.
Akl MA, Mansour DE, Zheng F. The role of intraoral scanners in the shade matching process: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(3):196-203.
Suganna M, Alsharifi RF, El Jammal L, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental practitioners towards anterior teeth shade matching in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30505.
Serban C, Nteroli G, Craciunescu EL, et al., editors. Methods of dental shade determination. Lasers in Dentistry XXVIII; 2022: SPIE.
Beddis HP, Nixon PJ. Layering composites for ultimate aesthetics in direct restorations. Dental update. 2012;39(9):630-6.
Mackenzie L, Parmar D, Shortall AC, et al. Direct anterior composites: a practical guide. Dental update. 2013;40(4):297-317.
Imbery TA, Killough C, Baechle MA, et al. An evaluation of factors affecting dental shade matching in first-year dental students. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2022;128(3):489-95.
Tabatabaian F, Khezri AS, Ourang SA, et al. Assessment of coverage error for two common commercial dental shade guides using a spectrophotometric method. Color Research & Application. 2022;47(2):528-36.
Jorquera GJ, Atria PJ, Galán M, et al. A comparison of ceramic crown color difference between different shade selection methods: visual, digital camera, and smartphone. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2022;128(4):784-92.
Ragain JC. A review of color science in dentistry: The process of color vision. J Dent Oral Disord Ther. 2015;3(01):1-4.
Vadher R, Parmar G, Kanodia S, et al. Basics of color in dentistry: A review. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13(9):78-85.
Dede DÖ, Sahin O, Özdemir OS, et al. Influence of the color of composite resin foundation and luting cement on the final color of lithium disilicate ceramic systems. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2017;117(1):138-43.
Turhan Bal B, Makhloota M, Köroğlu A. A Review of Color Matching in Dentistry. medical records. 2021;3(1).
Rondón LF, Ramírez R, Pecho OE. Comparison of visual shade matching and photographic shade analysis. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2022;34(2):374-82.
Al-Hadithi AM, Gholam MK. Shade matching of Omnichroma analyzed by four digital and visual shade selection techniques: an in vitro study. Dental Hypotheses. 2022;13(4):124-7.
Fahl Jr N. Step-by-step approaches for anterior direct restorative challenges. Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry-The OfficialJournal of the AACD. 2011;26(4):42.
Dietschi D, Ardu S, Krejci I. A new shading concept based on natural tooth color applied to direct composite restorations. Quintessence International (Berlin, Germany: 1985). 2006;37(2):91-102.
McLaren EA, Terry DA. Photography in dentistry. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2001;29(10):735-41.
Bora Korkut, Kesimli EG. Direkt Anterior Estetik Restorasyonlar. Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar. p. 7-30.
Dietschi D. Layering concepts in anterior composite restorations. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry. 2001;3(1).
Vanini L. Light and color in anterior composite restorations. Practical periodontics and aesthetic dentistry: PPAD. 1996;8(7):673-82; quiz 84.
Paravina RD, Westland S, Kimura M, et al. Color interaction of dental materials: blending effect of layered composites. Dental materials. 2006;22(10):903-8.
Fayed AEM, Mohamed HA, Othman HI. A Comparison between visual shade matching and digital shade analysis system using K-NN algorithm. Al-Azhar Journal of Dental Science. 2022;25(2):133-41.
Ruiz-López J, Perez MM, Lucena C, et al. Visual and instrumental coverage error of two dental shade guides: an in vivo study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022;26(9):5961-8.
Vargas M, Saisho H, Maharishi A, et al. A practical, predictable, and reliable method to select shades for direct resin composite restorations. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry. 2023;35(1):19-25.
Oliveira D. Color science and shade selection in operative dentistry: Springer; 2022.
Mahla D, Mangal S, Bhartiya A, et al. A Clinical Evaluation of Inter Observer Variability in Shade Selection by Using Conventional and Spectrophotometric Shade Matching Devices. Natl Res Denticon. 2022;11:1-96.
Shetty K, Maliabari R, Alsaedi M, et al. Comparative evaluation of shade match by using 3D master and Vitapan classical shade guides among the adult Jeddah population. Jr Coa Lif Med. 2023;11:3126-34.
Chiramana S, Uttaradi KSS, Asadi VS, et al. A comparative digital shade analysis on the color stability of two different acrylic shade tabs using various disinfectant methods-An In Vitro Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2023;14(2).
Śmielecka M, Dorocka-Bobkowska B. Comparison of two optical devices used for artificial tooth color selection. Dental and Medical Problems. 2022;59(2):249-53.
Huang M, Wang Y, Sun Y, et al. The accuracies of three intraoral scanners with regard to shade determination: An in vitro study. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2023;32(5):e111-e7.
Alsayed H, Alaqeely R, Almazrouei N, et al. Tooth shade relationship with age, gender, and skin color in a Saudi population: a cross-sectional study. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(13):6315.
Iqbal A, Ikram F, Riaz M. Prevalence of Tooth Shade and its Correlation with Skin Colour-A cross-sectional study. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 2022;16(09):68-.
Rashid F, Farook TH, Dudley J. Digital shade matching in dentistry: a systematic review. Dentistry Journal. 2023;11(11):250.
Sirintawat N, Leelaratrungruang T, Poovarodom P, et al. The accuracy and reliability of tooth shade selection using different instrumental techniques: An in vitro study. Sensors. 2021;21(22):7490.
Özden YE, Yalnız A, Bal B, et al. Effectiveness of calibrated digital photography technique in dental shade analyses applications. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. 2022;25(3):224-9.
Kelkar KC, Dogra ES, Bhat V, et al. A comparison between visual, digital photography and polarizing filter photography for shade selection. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2020;31(5):712-7.
OpenAI. Digital Photography 2025 [Available from: https://chat.openai.com.
Fondriest J. The optical characteristics of natural teeth. Inside Dent. 2012;8:1-5.
OpenAI. Shade Mapping 2025 [Available from: https://chat.openai.com.
Coachman C, Calamita M. Digital Smile Design: A Tool for Treatment Planning and Communication in Esthetic Dentistry. Quintessence of Dental Technology (QDT). 2012;35.
Paul S, Peter A, Pietrobon N, et al. Visual and spectrophotometric shade analysis of human teeth. Journal of dental research. 2002;81(8):578-82.
Kim-Pusateri S, Brewer JD, Davis EL, et al. Reliability and accuracy of four dental shade-matching devices. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2009;101(3):193-9.
Paravina RD, Ghinea R, Herrera LJ, et al. Color difference thresholds in dentistry. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2015;27:S1-S9.
Lehmann K, Devigus A, Wentaschek S, et al. Comparison of visual shade matching and electronic color measurement device. Int J Esthet Dent. 2017;12(3).
