Protetik Zirkonya Materyalinde Eklemeli Üretim Sistemi
Özet
Zirkonya esaslı dental restorasyonlar, yüksek mekanik dayanım ve biyouyumluluk özellikleri nedeniyle sabit protetik tedavilerde yaygın olarak kullanılan seramik materyaller arasında yer almaktadır. Bu restorasyonlar günümüzde çoğunlukla bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve üretim sistemlerine dayalı eksiltmeli yöntemlerle elde edilmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerdeki gelişmelerle birlikte, zirkonya restorasyonların eklemeli yöntemlerle de üretilebilmesi mümkün hâle gelmiştir. Stereolitografi ve dijital ışık işleme gibi ışık tabanlı sistemler ile malzeme ekstrüzyonu ve toz yatak tabanlı yaklaşımlar, zirkonya restorasyonların katmanlar hâlinde üretilmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Eklemeli üretim sonrası uygulanan işlemler, zirkonya restorasyonların mikroyapısı ve buna bağlı mekanik özellikleri üzerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Üretim parametrelerinin optimize edilmesi ve uzun dönem verilerin artırılması, bu teknolojilerin zirkonya restorasyonlar için klinik uygulanabilirliğinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.
Zirconia-based dental restorations are widely used in fixed prosthetic treatments due to their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Today, these restorations are predominantly fabricated using subtractive manufacturing methods based on computer-aided design and manufacturing systems. With the advancement of digital technologies, zirconia restorations can also be produced using additive manufacturing approaches. Light-based systems such as stereolithography and digital light processing, as well as material extrusion and powder bed–based approaches, enable the layer-by-layer fabrication of zirconia restorations. Post-processing procedures applied after additive manufacturing play an important role in determining the microstructure of zirconia restorations and their associated mechanical properties. Optimization of manufacturing parameters and the availability of long-term data will contribute to a better understanding of the clinical applicability of these technologies for zirconia restorations.
Referanslar
Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
Zhang Y, Sailer I, Lawn BR. Fatigue of dental ceramics. Journal of dentistry. 2013;41(12):1135-47.
Mao Z, Beuer F, Hey J, Schmidt F, Sorensen JA, Prause E. Antagonist enamel tooth wear produced by different dental ceramic systems: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Dentistry. 2024;142:104832.
Silva LHd, LIMA Ed, Miranda RBdP, Favero SS, Lohbauer U, Cesar PF. Dental ceramics: a review of new materials and processing methods. Brazilian oral research. 2017;31(suppl 1):e58.
Stawarczyk B, Özcan M, Schmutz F, Trottmann A, Roos M, Hämmerle CH. Two-body wear of monolithic, veneered and glazed zirconia and their corresponding enamel antagonists. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013;71(1):102-12.
Shah N, Nerkar H, Badwaik P, Ahuja B, Malu R, Bhanushali N. An evaluation of antagonist enamel wear opposing full-coverage zirconia crowns versus other ceramics full-coverage crowns and natural enamel–An umbrella review. The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2024;24(3):217-24.
Kontonasaki E, Rigos AE, Ilia C, Istantsos T. Monolithic zirconia: an update to current knowledge. Optical properties, wear, and clinical performance. Dentistry journal. 2019;7(3):90.
Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials. 1999;20(1):1-25.
Kelly JR, Denry I. Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: an overview. Dental materials. 2008;24(3):289-98.
Christel P, Meunier A, Heller M, Torre J, Peille C. Mechanical properties and short‐term in vivo evaluation of yttrium‐oxide‐partially‐stabilized zirconia. Journal of biomedical materials research. 1989;23(1):45-61.
Cesar PF, de Paula Miranda RB, Santos KF, Scherrer SS, Zhang Y. Recent advances in dental zirconia: 15 years of material and processing evolution. Dental materials. 2024;40(5):824-36.
Lu Y, Mei Z, Zhang J, Gao S, Yang X, Dong B, et al. Flexural strength and Weibull analysis of Y-TZP fabricated by stereolithographic additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2020;40(3):826-34.
Mei Z, Lu Y, Lou Y, Yu P, Sun M, Tan X, et al. Determination of hardness and fracture toughness of Y‐TZP manufactured by digital light processing through the indentation technique. BioMed research international. 2021;2021(1):6612840.
Weigl P, Sander A, Wu Y, Felber R, Lauer H-C, Rosentritt M. In-vitro performance and fracture strength of thin monolithic zirconia crowns. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2018;10(2):79-84.
Prott LS, Spitznagel FA, Bonfante EA, Malassa MA, Gierthmuehlen PC. Monolithic zirconia crowns: effect of thickness reduction on fatigue behavior and failure load. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2021;13(5):269.
Miyazaki T, Nakamura T, Matsumura H, Ban S, Kobayashi T. Current status of zirconia restoration. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2013;57(4):236-61.
Wertz M, Berthold C, Flicker A, Sander SA, Brinkmann L, Fuchs F, et al. Phase transformations in yttria-partly stabilized zirconia induced by dental polishing regimes. Journal of Materials Science. 2024;59(15):6476-96.
Müller MM, Hahnel S, Rauch A, Rosentritt M. The effect of surface treatment and glass-ceramic coating on the wear behavior of different types of zirconia and their antagonists. Quintessence International. 2025;56(6). doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b6184321.
Baixauli-López M, Roig-Vanaclocha A, Amengual-Lorenzo J, Agustín-Panadero R. Prospective study of monolithic zirconia crowns: clinical behavior and survival rate at a 5-year follow-up. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2021;65(3):284-90.
Spies BC, Zhang F, Wesemann C, Li M, Rosentritt M. Reliability and aging behavior of three different zirconia grades used for monolithic four-unit fixed dental prostheses. Dental Materials. 2020;36(11):e329-e39.
Edelhoff D, Liebermann A, Beuer F, Stimmelmayr M, Güth J-F. Minimally invasive treatment options in fixed prosthodontics. Quintessence Int. 2016;47(3):207-16.
Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S. Color and translucency of in vivo natural central incisors. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2000;83(4):418-23.
Fu L, Engqvist H, Xia W. Glass–ceramics in dentistry: A review. Materials. 2020;13(5):1049.
Inokoshi M, Zhang F, De Munck J, Minakuchi S, Naert I, Vleugels J, et al. Influence of sintering conditions on low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia. Dental materials. 2014;30(6):669-78.
Pecho OE, Ghinea R, Ionescu AM, Cardona JC, Della Bona A, del Mar Pérez M. Optical behavior of dental zirconia and dentin analyzed by Kubelka–Munk theory. Dental Materials. 2015;31(1):60-7.
Colombo M, Cavallo M, Miegge M, Dagna A, Beltrami R, Chiesa M, et al. Color stability of CAD/CAM Zirconia ceramics following exposure to acidic and staining drinks. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2017;9(11):e1297.
Alnassar TM. Color stability of monolithic zirconia in various staining liquids: an in vitro study. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(19):9752.
Han A, Tsoi JK, Lung CY, Matinlinna JP. An introduction of biological performance of zirconia with different surface characteristics: A review. Dental Materials Journal. 2020;39(4):523-30.
Alghauli M, Alqutaibi AY, Wille S, Kern M. 3D-printed versus conventionally milled zirconia for dental clinical applications: Trueness, precision, accuracy, biological and esthetic aspects. Journal of Dentistry. 2024;144:104925.
Scarano A, Piattelli M, Caputi S, Favero GA, Piattelli A. Bacterial adhesion on commercially pure titanium and zirconium oxide disks: an in vivo human study. Journal of periodontology. 2004;75(2):292-6.
Chevalier J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial? Biomaterials. 2006;27(4):535-43. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.034
Kim J-W, Covel N, Guess P, Rekow E, Zhang Y. Concerns of hydrothermal degradation in CAD/CAM zirconia. Journal of dental research. 2010;89(1):91-5. doi:10.1177/0022034509354193
Bae E-J, Jeong I-D, Kim W-C, Kim J-H. A comparative study of additive and subtractive manufacturing for dental restorations. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2017;118(2):187-93.
Strub JR, Rekow ED, Witkowski S. Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(9):1289-96.
Wendler M, Belli R, Petschelt A, Mevec D, Harrer W, Lube T, et al. Chairside CAD/CAM materials. Part 2: Flexural strength testing. Dental Materials. 2017;33(1):99-109.
Kirsch C, Ender A, Attin T, Mehl A. Trueness of four different milling procedures used in dental CAD/CAM systems. Clinical oral investigations. 2017;21(2):551-8.
Wang H, Aboushelib MN, Feilzer AJ. Strength influencing variables on CAD/CAM zirconia frameworks. Dental materials. 2008;24(5):633-8.
Kosmač T, Oblak Č, Marion L. The effects of dental grinding and sandblasting on ageing and fatigue behavior of dental zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2008;28(5):1085-90.
Alghazzawi TF. Advancements in CAD/CAM technology: Options for practical implementation. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2016;60(2):72-84.
Schweiger J, Edelhoff D, Güth J-F. 3D printing in digital prosthetic dentistry: an overview of recent developments in additive manufacturing. Journal of clinical medicine. 2021;10(9):2010.
Al Hamad KQ, Al‐Rashdan BA, Ayyad JQ, Al Omrani LM, Sharoh AM, Al Nimri AM, et al. Additive manufacturing of dental ceramics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2022;31(8):e67-e86.
Travitzky N, Bonet A, Dermeik B, Fey T, Filbert‐Demut I, Schlier L, et al. Additive manufacturing of ceramic‐based materials. Advanced engineering materials. 2014;16(6):729-54.
Branco AC, Colaço R, Figueiredo-Pina CG, Serro AP. Recent advances on 3D-printed zirconia-based dental materials: a review. Materials. 2023;16(5):1860.
Revilla-León M, Meyer MJ, Zandinejad A, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies for processing zirconia in dental applications. Int J Comput Dent. 2020;23(1):27-37.
Deckers J, Vleugels J, Kruth J-P. Additive manufacturing of ceramics: A review. J Ceram Sci Technol. 2014;5(4):245-60.
Galante R, Figueiredo-Pina CG, Serro AP. Additive manufacturing of ceramics for dental applications: A review. Dental materials. 2019;35(6):825-46.
Doreau F, Chaput C, Chartier T. Stereolithography for manufacturing ceramic parts. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2000;2(8):493-6.
Zandinejad A, Das O, Barmak AB, Kuttolamadom M, Revilla‐León M. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of stereolithography additively manufactured zirconia with different porosities. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2022;31(5):434-40.
Santoliquido O, Colombo P, Ortona A. Additive Manufacturing of ceramic components by Digital Light Processing: A comparison between the “bottom-up” and the “top-down” approaches. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2019;39(6):2140-8.
He R, Liu W, Wu Z, An D, Huang M, Wu H, et al. Fabrication of complex-shaped zirconia ceramic parts via a DLP-stereolithography-based 3D printing method. Ceramics International. 2018;44(3):3412-6.
Zhu H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wang S, He Y, He F. Additive manufacturing of dental ceramics in prosthodontics: The status quo and the future. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2024;68(3):380-99.
Wang W, Yu H, Liu Y, Jiang X, Gao B. Trueness analysis of zirconia crowns fabricated with 3-dimensional printing. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2019;121(2):285-91.
Schwentenwein M, Homa J. Additive manufacturing of dense alumina ceramics. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2015;12(1):1-7.
Khorsandi D, Fahimipour A, Abasian P, Saber SS, Seyedi M, Ghanavati S, et al. 3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: Printing techniques, materials, and applications. Acta biomaterialia. 2021;122:26-49.
An D, Liu W, Xie Z, Li H, Luo X, Wu H, et al. A strategy for defects healing in 3D printed ceramic compact via cold isostatic pressing: sintering kinetic window and microstructure evolution. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2019;102(5):2263-71.
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Referanslar
Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
Zhang Y, Sailer I, Lawn BR. Fatigue of dental ceramics. Journal of dentistry. 2013;41(12):1135-47.
Mao Z, Beuer F, Hey J, Schmidt F, Sorensen JA, Prause E. Antagonist enamel tooth wear produced by different dental ceramic systems: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Dentistry. 2024;142:104832.
Silva LHd, LIMA Ed, Miranda RBdP, Favero SS, Lohbauer U, Cesar PF. Dental ceramics: a review of new materials and processing methods. Brazilian oral research. 2017;31(suppl 1):e58.
Stawarczyk B, Özcan M, Schmutz F, Trottmann A, Roos M, Hämmerle CH. Two-body wear of monolithic, veneered and glazed zirconia and their corresponding enamel antagonists. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013;71(1):102-12.
Shah N, Nerkar H, Badwaik P, Ahuja B, Malu R, Bhanushali N. An evaluation of antagonist enamel wear opposing full-coverage zirconia crowns versus other ceramics full-coverage crowns and natural enamel–An umbrella review. The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2024;24(3):217-24.
Kontonasaki E, Rigos AE, Ilia C, Istantsos T. Monolithic zirconia: an update to current knowledge. Optical properties, wear, and clinical performance. Dentistry journal. 2019;7(3):90.
Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials. 1999;20(1):1-25.
Kelly JR, Denry I. Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: an overview. Dental materials. 2008;24(3):289-98.
Christel P, Meunier A, Heller M, Torre J, Peille C. Mechanical properties and short‐term in vivo evaluation of yttrium‐oxide‐partially‐stabilized zirconia. Journal of biomedical materials research. 1989;23(1):45-61.
Cesar PF, de Paula Miranda RB, Santos KF, Scherrer SS, Zhang Y. Recent advances in dental zirconia: 15 years of material and processing evolution. Dental materials. 2024;40(5):824-36.
Lu Y, Mei Z, Zhang J, Gao S, Yang X, Dong B, et al. Flexural strength and Weibull analysis of Y-TZP fabricated by stereolithographic additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2020;40(3):826-34.
Mei Z, Lu Y, Lou Y, Yu P, Sun M, Tan X, et al. Determination of hardness and fracture toughness of Y‐TZP manufactured by digital light processing through the indentation technique. BioMed research international. 2021;2021(1):6612840.
Weigl P, Sander A, Wu Y, Felber R, Lauer H-C, Rosentritt M. In-vitro performance and fracture strength of thin monolithic zirconia crowns. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2018;10(2):79-84.
Prott LS, Spitznagel FA, Bonfante EA, Malassa MA, Gierthmuehlen PC. Monolithic zirconia crowns: effect of thickness reduction on fatigue behavior and failure load. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2021;13(5):269.
Miyazaki T, Nakamura T, Matsumura H, Ban S, Kobayashi T. Current status of zirconia restoration. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2013;57(4):236-61.
Wertz M, Berthold C, Flicker A, Sander SA, Brinkmann L, Fuchs F, et al. Phase transformations in yttria-partly stabilized zirconia induced by dental polishing regimes. Journal of Materials Science. 2024;59(15):6476-96.
Müller MM, Hahnel S, Rauch A, Rosentritt M. The effect of surface treatment and glass-ceramic coating on the wear behavior of different types of zirconia and their antagonists. Quintessence International. 2025;56(6). doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b6184321.
Baixauli-López M, Roig-Vanaclocha A, Amengual-Lorenzo J, Agustín-Panadero R. Prospective study of monolithic zirconia crowns: clinical behavior and survival rate at a 5-year follow-up. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2021;65(3):284-90.
Spies BC, Zhang F, Wesemann C, Li M, Rosentritt M. Reliability and aging behavior of three different zirconia grades used for monolithic four-unit fixed dental prostheses. Dental Materials. 2020;36(11):e329-e39.
Edelhoff D, Liebermann A, Beuer F, Stimmelmayr M, Güth J-F. Minimally invasive treatment options in fixed prosthodontics. Quintessence Int. 2016;47(3):207-16.
Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S. Color and translucency of in vivo natural central incisors. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2000;83(4):418-23.
Fu L, Engqvist H, Xia W. Glass–ceramics in dentistry: A review. Materials. 2020;13(5):1049.
Inokoshi M, Zhang F, De Munck J, Minakuchi S, Naert I, Vleugels J, et al. Influence of sintering conditions on low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia. Dental materials. 2014;30(6):669-78.
Pecho OE, Ghinea R, Ionescu AM, Cardona JC, Della Bona A, del Mar Pérez M. Optical behavior of dental zirconia and dentin analyzed by Kubelka–Munk theory. Dental Materials. 2015;31(1):60-7.
Colombo M, Cavallo M, Miegge M, Dagna A, Beltrami R, Chiesa M, et al. Color stability of CAD/CAM Zirconia ceramics following exposure to acidic and staining drinks. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2017;9(11):e1297.
Alnassar TM. Color stability of monolithic zirconia in various staining liquids: an in vitro study. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(19):9752.
Han A, Tsoi JK, Lung CY, Matinlinna JP. An introduction of biological performance of zirconia with different surface characteristics: A review. Dental Materials Journal. 2020;39(4):523-30.
Alghauli M, Alqutaibi AY, Wille S, Kern M. 3D-printed versus conventionally milled zirconia for dental clinical applications: Trueness, precision, accuracy, biological and esthetic aspects. Journal of Dentistry. 2024;144:104925.
Scarano A, Piattelli M, Caputi S, Favero GA, Piattelli A. Bacterial adhesion on commercially pure titanium and zirconium oxide disks: an in vivo human study. Journal of periodontology. 2004;75(2):292-6.
Chevalier J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial? Biomaterials. 2006;27(4):535-43. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.034
Kim J-W, Covel N, Guess P, Rekow E, Zhang Y. Concerns of hydrothermal degradation in CAD/CAM zirconia. Journal of dental research. 2010;89(1):91-5. doi:10.1177/0022034509354193
Bae E-J, Jeong I-D, Kim W-C, Kim J-H. A comparative study of additive and subtractive manufacturing for dental restorations. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2017;118(2):187-93.
Strub JR, Rekow ED, Witkowski S. Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(9):1289-96.
Wendler M, Belli R, Petschelt A, Mevec D, Harrer W, Lube T, et al. Chairside CAD/CAM materials. Part 2: Flexural strength testing. Dental Materials. 2017;33(1):99-109.
Kirsch C, Ender A, Attin T, Mehl A. Trueness of four different milling procedures used in dental CAD/CAM systems. Clinical oral investigations. 2017;21(2):551-8.
Wang H, Aboushelib MN, Feilzer AJ. Strength influencing variables on CAD/CAM zirconia frameworks. Dental materials. 2008;24(5):633-8.
Kosmač T, Oblak Č, Marion L. The effects of dental grinding and sandblasting on ageing and fatigue behavior of dental zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2008;28(5):1085-90.
Alghazzawi TF. Advancements in CAD/CAM technology: Options for practical implementation. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2016;60(2):72-84.
Schweiger J, Edelhoff D, Güth J-F. 3D printing in digital prosthetic dentistry: an overview of recent developments in additive manufacturing. Journal of clinical medicine. 2021;10(9):2010.
Al Hamad KQ, Al‐Rashdan BA, Ayyad JQ, Al Omrani LM, Sharoh AM, Al Nimri AM, et al. Additive manufacturing of dental ceramics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2022;31(8):e67-e86.
Travitzky N, Bonet A, Dermeik B, Fey T, Filbert‐Demut I, Schlier L, et al. Additive manufacturing of ceramic‐based materials. Advanced engineering materials. 2014;16(6):729-54.
Branco AC, Colaço R, Figueiredo-Pina CG, Serro AP. Recent advances on 3D-printed zirconia-based dental materials: a review. Materials. 2023;16(5):1860.
Revilla-León M, Meyer MJ, Zandinejad A, Özcan M. Additive manufacturing technologies for processing zirconia in dental applications. Int J Comput Dent. 2020;23(1):27-37.
Deckers J, Vleugels J, Kruth J-P. Additive manufacturing of ceramics: A review. J Ceram Sci Technol. 2014;5(4):245-60.
Galante R, Figueiredo-Pina CG, Serro AP. Additive manufacturing of ceramics for dental applications: A review. Dental materials. 2019;35(6):825-46.
Doreau F, Chaput C, Chartier T. Stereolithography for manufacturing ceramic parts. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2000;2(8):493-6.
Zandinejad A, Das O, Barmak AB, Kuttolamadom M, Revilla‐León M. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of stereolithography additively manufactured zirconia with different porosities. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2022;31(5):434-40.
Santoliquido O, Colombo P, Ortona A. Additive Manufacturing of ceramic components by Digital Light Processing: A comparison between the “bottom-up” and the “top-down” approaches. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2019;39(6):2140-8.
He R, Liu W, Wu Z, An D, Huang M, Wu H, et al. Fabrication of complex-shaped zirconia ceramic parts via a DLP-stereolithography-based 3D printing method. Ceramics International. 2018;44(3):3412-6.
Zhu H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wang S, He Y, He F. Additive manufacturing of dental ceramics in prosthodontics: The status quo and the future. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2024;68(3):380-99.
Wang W, Yu H, Liu Y, Jiang X, Gao B. Trueness analysis of zirconia crowns fabricated with 3-dimensional printing. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2019;121(2):285-91.
Schwentenwein M, Homa J. Additive manufacturing of dense alumina ceramics. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2015;12(1):1-7.
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